Table 1.
Methodologic quality of individual studies.
| Studies | Items 1 | Study Score | Study Quality 2 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | /30 | % | ||
| Zaghini et al. 2021 [45] | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1.5 | 2 | 1.5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 22.5 | 75.0 | M |
| Giordano et al. 2021 [44] | 2 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 19.0 | 63.3 | M |
| Chen et al. 2006 [19] | 2 | 0 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1.5 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 1 | 17.5 | 58.3 | M |
| Maunder et al. 2006 [47] | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 2 | 17.5 | 58.3 | M |
| Zhu et al. 2020 [46] | 2 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 17.0 | 56.7 | M |
| Beneria et al. 2020 [42] | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 15.5 | 51.7 | M |
| Blake et al. 2020 [43] | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15.5 | 51.7 | M |
| Chen et al. 2021 | 2 | 0 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 15.0 | 50.0 | L |
| Cyr et al. 2021 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 15.0 | 50.0 | L |
| Smith et al. 2020 | 2 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1 | 2 | 15.0 | 50.0 | L |
| Arnetz et al. 2020 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 2 | 14.5 | 48.3 | L |
| Lancee et al. 2008 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 1.5 | 14.5 | 48.3 | L |
| Xu et al. 2021 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 2 | 1.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 14.0 | 46.7 | L |
| Tam et al. 2004 | 2 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 14.0 | 46.7 | L |
| Lasalvia et al. 2021 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13.5 | 45.0 | L |
| Castro-Sanchez et al. 2020 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 13.5 | 45.0 | L |
| Zhan et al. 2020 | 2 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 13.5 | 45.0 | L |
| Hennein et al. 2021 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 13.0 | 43.3 | L |
| Sharma et al. 2021 | 2 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13.0 | 43.3 | L |
| Huang et al. 2020 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 13.0 | 43.3 | L |
| Chan and Huak 2004 | 2 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 13.0 | 43.3 | L |
| Matsuishi et al. 2012 | 2 | 0 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 13.0 | 43.3 | L |
| Fiksenbaum et al. 2006 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 2 | 12.5 | 41.7 | L |
| Marjanovic et al. 2007 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 2 | 12.5 | 41.7 | L |
| Petrella et al. 2021 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 1.5 | 12.0 | 40.0 | L |
| Esmaeilzadeh et al. 2021 | 2 | 0 | 1.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 12.0 | 40.0 | L |
| Holton et al. 2020 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 12.0 | 40.0 | L |
| Kim and Choi 2016 | 2 | 0 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 12.0 | 40.0 | L |
| Kase et al. 2021 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 1 | 11.5 | 38.3 | L |
| Young et al. 2021 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 2 | 11.5 | 38.3 | L |
| Morgantini et al. 2020 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 1.5 | 11.5 | 38.3 | L |
| Demirjian et al. 2020 | 2 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.5 | 11.5 | 38.3 | L |
| Durmaz Engin et al. 2021 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11.0 | 36.7 | L |
| Buch et al. 2021 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 10.5 | 35.0 | L |
| Shalhub et al. 2020 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 1.5 | 10.0 | 33.3 | L |
| Martinez-Caballero et al. 2021 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9.5 | 31.7 | L |
| Temsah et al. 2021 | 2 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 2 | 9.5 | 31.7 | L |
| Zhang et al. 2020 | 1.5 | 0 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9.5 | 31.7 | L |
| Cai et al. 2020 | 2 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 8.0 | 26.7 | L |
| Huffman et al. 2020 | 2 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7.5 | 25.0 | L |
| Reidy et al. 2020 | 2 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.5 | 7.5 | 25.0 | L |
1 The 15 quality assessment items refer to those presented in Table A2. 2 M: medium; L: low. The complete references for low-quality studies are available upon request to the authors.