Table 1.
Fucoxanthin content in various brown seaweed species.
| Species | Fucoxanthin Content (mg/g Sample) | Sample Condition | Country Origin | Extraction Method; Solution |
Detection Technique ** | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Padina minor | 0.50 | Dried | Malaysia | Solvent/maceration;ethanol | HPTLC | [37] |
| Padina pavonica | 0.43 | |||||
| Sargassum polycystum | 0.41 | |||||
| Euchema cottoni | 0.94 | |||||
| Sargassum sp. | 1.50 | Dried | Malaysia | Solvent/maceration;methanol | RP-HPLC-DAD | [38] |
| Saccharina japonica | 0.07 | Dried | Malaysia | Solvent/maceration;methanol | HPLC-DAD | [39] |
| Sargassum siliquosum | 1.41 | Dried | Malaysia | Solvent/maceration;methanol | HPLC-UV | [40] |
| Sargassum polycystum | 0.31 | |||||
| Sargassum binderi | 7.4 | Dried | Malaysia | Solvent/maceration;methanol | HPLC-UV | [41] |
| Sargassum plagyophyllum | 0.71 | Dried | Malaysia | Solvent/maceration;acetone-methanol | RP-HPLC-DAD | [42] |
| Turbinaria turbinate | 0.59 | |||||
| Sargassum duplicatum | 0.146 | Dried | Indonesia | Solvent/maceration;methanol | TLC | [43] |
| Sargassum polycystum | 0.155 -0.587 * | Fresh | Indonesia | Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE); acetone |
HPLC-UV | [44] |
| Turbinaria decurrens | 0.65 | Dried | Indonesia | Solvent/maceration;ethanol | HPLC-UV | [45] |
| Sargassum crassifolium J. Agard | 1.64 | Dried | Indonesia | Solvent/maceration;chloroform-methanol | HPLC-DAD | [46] |
| Padina australis Hauck | 1.29 | |||||
| Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh | 1.27 | |||||
| Sphaerotrichia divaricata | 0.11–1.48 | Dried | Japan | Solvent/maceration;ethanol | HPLC-UV | [47] |
| Sargassum horneri (Turner) J. Agardh | 2.12 | Dried | Japan | Solvent/maceration;chloroform-methanol | HPLC-DAD | [46] |
| Cystoseira Hakodatensis (Yendo) Fensholt | 1.99 | |||||
| Sargassum siliquastrum (Mertens ex Turner) C. Agardh | 2.01 | |||||
| Ecklonia kurome Okamura | 1.68 | |||||
| Undaria pinnatifida | 0.39 | Fresh | Japan | Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE); liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) | HPLC-UV | [48] |
| Sargassum horneri (Turner) | 1.35–4.49 * | Dried | Japan | Solvent/maceration;chloroform-methanol | HPLC-DAD | [49] |
| Cystoseira hakodatensis (Yendo) | 0.63–4.14 * | |||||
| Hincksia mitchellae P.C. Silva | 5.50 | Dried | Taiwan | Soxhlet assisted extraction (SAE); ethyl acetate |
HPLC | [50] |
| Saccharina japonica (Areschoug) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, Druehl & G.W.Saunders | 0.45 | Dried | Korea | Soxhlet assisted extraction (SAE); n-hexane |
HPLC | [51] |
| Sargassum horneri (Turner) C.Agardh | 0.77 | Dried | Korea | Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE); CO2-ethanol |
HPLC-DAD | [52] |
| Sargassum japonica J.E. Areschoug | 0.41 | |||||
| Sargassum horneri | 0.28 | Fresh | China | Solvent/maceration;ethanol | HPLC-DAD | [53] |
| Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell | 2.62 | Fresh | China | Solvent/maceration;acetone-ethanol | Spectro | [54] |
| Laminaria japonica Aresch | 0.03 | Fresh | China | Microwave-assisted extraction; Heptane-acetone-water |
LC-ESI-MS, HPLC-UV, 1 H-NMR |
[55] |
| Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell | 0.01 | Dried | ||||
| Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar | 0.73 | |||||
| Cystoseira indica | 0.77–0.81 | Dried | Iran | Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE); methanol (C. indica), methanol-acetone (S. angustifolium) |
HPLC-DAD | [56] |
| Sargassum angustifolium | 0.70–0.79 | |||||
| Dictyota indica | 0.211–0.463 * | Dried | Iran | Solvent/maceration;methanol | HPLC-UV | [35] |
| Iyengaria Stellata | 0.026–0.055 * | |||||
| Padina tenuis | 0.018–0.043 * | |||||
| Colpomenia sinuosa | 0.014–0.019 * | |||||
| Nizamuddinia zanardinii (Schiffner) P.C.Silva | 0.81–1.65 * | Dried | Iran | Solvent/maceration;chloroform-methanol-water | RP-HPLC-DAD | [33] |
| Cystoseira indica (Thivy & Doshi) Mairh | 2.33–3.56 * | |||||
| Sargassum swartzii C. Agardh | 0.17 | Dried | India | Soxhlet assisted extraction (SAE); ethyl acetate | FTIR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR |
[57] |
| Padina tetrastromatica | 0.75 | Dried | India | Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE);ethanol | FTIR, HPLC-UV, Orbitrap-MS | [58] |
| Dictyopteris australis | 0.23 | Dried | India | Solvent/maceration;acetone | Spectro | [59] |
| Dictyota dichotoma | 0.18 | |||||
| Iyengaria stellate | 0.18 | |||||
| Lobophora variegata | 0.23 | |||||
| Padina gymnospora | 0.43 | |||||
| Padina tetrastromatica | 0.41 | |||||
| Sargassum linearifolium | 0.37 | |||||
| Spatoglossum asperum | 0.58 | |||||
| Stoechospermum marginatum | 0.37 | |||||
| Turbinaria spp. | 0.43 | |||||
| Fucus vesiculosus | 0.657 | Dried | Ireland | Solvent/maceration;water | HPLC-UV, LC-MS | [60] |
| Alaria esculenta | 0.822 | |||||
| Himanthalia elongata | 18.6 | Dried | Ireland | Solvent/maceration;hexane-diethyl ether-chloroform | LC-ESI-MS, HPLC-DAD, 1 H-NMR |
[61] |
| Alaria esculenta | 0.87 | Fresh | Ireland | Solvent/maceration;acetone | HPLC-DAD | [62] |
| Fucus vesiculosus | 0.7 | |||||
| Laminaria digitata | 0.65 | |||||
| Fucus serratus | 3.57 | Dried | Ireland | Solvent/maceration;hexane-acetone | HPLC-DAD | [63] |
| Laminaria digitata | 1.403 | |||||
| Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis | 0.022 | Dried | Ireland | Vortex-assisted solid-liquid micro-extraction (VAE); ethanol |
HPLC-PDA | [64] |
| Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus | 0.02 | |||||
| Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux | 0.60 | Dried | Portugal | Vortex-assisted solid-liquid micro-extraction (VAE); ethanol |
HPLC-PDA | [64] |
| Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh | 0.40 | |||||
| Zonaria tournefortii (J.V.Lamouroux) Montagne | 0.80 | |||||
| Laminaria ochroleuca | 0.004–0.16 * | Dried | Portugal | Solvent/maceration;acetone | HPLC-DAD | [32] |
| Saccharina latissima | 0.02–0.12 * | |||||
| Saccorhiza polyschides | 0.08–0.24 * | |||||
| Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt | 0.55 | Dried | Spain | Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE); CO2-ethanol |
HPLC-DAD | [65] |
| Cystoseira barbata (Stackh.) C. Agardh | 3.0 | Dried | Ukraine | Solvent/maceration;ethanol | TLC | [66] |
| Undaria pinnatifida | 0.70 | Dried | New Zealand | Solvent/maceration;ethanol | HPLC-DAD | [67] |
| Undaria pinnatifida | 1.77–2.08 * | Dried | New Zealand | Solvent/maceration;methanol | HPLC-DAD | [68] |
| 3.32–4.96 * | Fresh |
* Depend on seasonal changes. ** HPLC; High-performance liquid chromatography, RP-HPLC; Reversed-phase HPLC, HPTLC; High-performance thin-layer chromatographic, HPLC-DAD; HPLC with diode array detector, HPLC-PDA; HPLC with photo-diode array detector, HPLC-UV; HPLC with an ultraviolet detector, TLC; Thin layer chromatography, FTIR; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 1 H-NMR; Proton nuclear magnetic resonance, 13 C-NMR; Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, LC-ESI-MS; Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass; Orbitrap-MS; Orbitrap mass spectrometer, LC-MS; Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Spectro; Spectrophotometry.