Table 4.
Risk of bias in 18 randomized controlled trials.
| Source | Domain 1. Risk of Bias from the Randomization Process | Domain 2. Risk of Bias Due to Deviations from the Intended Interventions | Domain 3. Missing Outcome Data | Domain 4. Risk of Bias in Measurement of the Outcome | Domain 5. Risk of Bias in selection of the Reported Result | Overall Risk of Bias Judgement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashe RG, 1987 [46] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Bigelow CA, 2021 [29] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Bott-Kanner G, 1992 [44] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Darcie S, 2004 [41] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Easterling T, 2019 [33] | Low | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns |
| Gallery ED, 1979 [63] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Garden A, 1982 [59] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Högstedt S, 1985 [50] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Livingstone I, 1983 [55] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Mabie WC, 1987 [47] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Paran E, 1994 [42] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Pickles CJ, 1989 [45] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Ramanathan J, 1988 [28] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Reynolds B, 1984 [51] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Rubin PC, 1983 [53] | Some concerns | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Singh R, 2016 [36] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Verma R, 2012 [38] | Low | Some concerns | Low | Low | Some concerns | High risk |
| Vigil-De Graca P, 2006 [40] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Some concerns | Some concerns |