Table 10.
Studies with hypoglycemia as outcome measure.
| Article | Study Groups | Hypoglycemia | Blood Glucose (mmol/L) | Definition of Hypoglycemia | Time of Control of Hypoglycemia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bigelow CA, 2021 [29] | Propranolol vs. placebo | 11/45 (24.4%) vs. 8/49 (16.3%) (p = 0.33) | Blood sugar < 40 md/dL | N | |
| Kayser A, 2020 [30] | ß-blocker vs. methyldopa ß-blocker vs. non-hypertensive mother |
7/252 (2.8%) vs. 3/199 (1.5%) (NS) 7/252 (2.8%) vs. 13/588 (2.2%) (NS) |
Blood glucose < 35 mg/dl at the first day of life or <45 mg/dL after the first day of life | N | |
| Kumar N, 2020 [31] | ß-blocker vs. no disease | 78/228 (34.6%) vs. 914/4103 (22.2%) (p < 0.01) | Blood glucose < 40 mg/dL | At least 30 min after feeding. Feeding was initiated as soon as possible after delivery. For at least 24 h in late preterm and small for gestational age (SGA), and for the first 12 h in LGA infants and infants of mothers with diabetes |
|
| Mazkereth R, 2019 [32] | ß-blocker vs. control | 47/153 (30.7%) vs. 28/153 (18.3%) p = 0.016 |
Glucose < 40 mg/dL on the first day of life | Hours 1, 2, 4 and 6 of life and every 8 h thereafter (to complete a 48-h follow-up) | |
| Easterling T, 2019 [33] | Labetalol vs. nifedipine Labetalol vs. methyldopa |
0/290 (0%) vs. 1/298 (<1%) 0/290 (0%) vs. 0/294 (0%) |
N | N | |
| Bateman BT, 2016 [35] | ß-blocker vs. control Labetalol vs. control Metoprolol vs. control Atenolol vs. control Propensity-score 1 corrected available |
460/10,585 (4.3%) vs. 27,228/2,281,531 (1.2%) 345/6748 (5.1%) vs. 27,228/2,281,531 (1.2%) 49/1485 (3.3%) vs. 27,228/2,281,531 (1.2%) 30/1121 (2.7%) vs. 27,228/2,281,531 (1.2%) |
Glucose ≤ 35 mg/dL | N | |
| Singh R, 2016 [36] | Labetalol vs. hydralazine | NS | N | N | |
|
Heida KY, 2012 [37] |
Labetalol vs. control Labetalol i.v. vs. labetalol oral |
26/55 (47.3%) vs. 23/54 (42.6%) p = 0.62 43.2 vs. 55.6% p = 0.45 |
Glucose < 2.7 mmol/L | In the first 48 postnatal hours | |
| Verma R, 2012 [38] | Labetalol vs. methyldopa | 1/45 (2.22%) vs. 2/45 (4.44%) (NS) | N | N | |
| Davis RL, 2011 2 [39] | ß-blocker vs. control ß-blocker vs. calcium channel blockers |
34/405 (8.4%) vs. 1771/75,688 (2.3%) 34/405 (8.4%) vs. 25/721 (3.5%) |
N | N | |
| Vigil-De Gracia P, 2006 [40] | Labetalol vs. hydralazine | 6/103 (5.8%) vs. 6/102 (5.8%) | Plasma glucose < 35 mg/dL | N | |
| Darcie S, 2004 [41] | Atenolol vs. isradipine Atenolol vs. control |
26/40 (65%) vs. 24/39 (61.5%) (p = 0.818) 26/40 (65%) vs. 4/14 (28.5%) (p < 0.05) |
Blood glycemia levels < 40 mg/dL | 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after birth | |
| Paran E, 1995 [42] | Hydralazine vs. hydralazine and propranolol Hydralazine vs. hydralazine and pindolol |
76.4 ± 16.5 vs. 62.6 ± 14.0 mg% (p < 0.02) 76.4 ± 16.5 vs. 78.6 ± 15.7 mg% (p < 0.02) |
N | In the first 48 postnatal hours | |
| Munshi UK, 1992 [43] | Labetalol vs. control | 23/48 (47.9%) vs. 14/81 (17.2%) (p < 0.01) | Blood glucose value of <30 mg/dL irrespective of gestational age, within the first 72 h of life and below 40 mg/dL thereafter | First at 1–2 h of age and again at 4–6 h of age, thereafter 2–6 hourly depending on the previous blood glucose results. The monitoring was stopped once at least two blood glucose values were above 40 mg on an oral feeding alone | |
| Bott-Kanner G, 1992 [44] | Pindolol vs. placebo | 3 | Blood glucose < 25 mg/dL | During the first 24 h of life | |
| Pickles CJ, 1989 [45] | Labetalol vs. placebo | 4/70 (5.7%) vs. 3/74 (4.1%) | Blood glucose < 1.4 nmol/L | N | |
| Ramanathan J, 1988 [28] | Labetalol vs. control | 0/15 (0%) vs. 0/10 (0%) | 53.4 ± 2.8 vs. 50 ± 3.1 (NS) | N | Within 10 to 20 min of delivery |
| Ashe RG, 1987 [46] | Labetalol vs. hydralazine | 1/10 (10%) vs. 0/10 (0%) | N | Every 4 h, for 1 day | |
| Mabie WC, 1987 [47] | Labetalol vs. hydralazine | 1/13 (7.7%) vs. 1/6 (16.7%) | Blood glucose < 35 mg/dL | N | |
| Macpherson M, 1986 [49] | Labetalol vs. control | 4 | <35 mg/dL | At 2, 4, 8,16, 24, 48 and 72 h after birth | |
| Högstedt S, 1985 [50] | Metoprolol and hydralazine vs. control (intended-to-treat) 5
Metoprolol and hydralazine vs. control (cause-effect) |
9/82 (11.0%) vs. 11/79 (13.9%) 8/69 (11.6%) vs. 10/66 (15.2%) |
Blood glucose ≤ 1.7 mmol/L | N | |
| Williams ER, 1983 [52] | Acebutolol vs. methyldopa | 0/9 vs. 0/11 | N | N | |
| Rubin PC, 1983 [53] | Atenolol vs. placebo | 1/46 (2.2%) vs. 4/39 (10.3%) (NS) | Confirmed serum glucose < 1.4 nmol/L | At 1, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h | |
| Liedholm H, 1983 [54] | Atenolol or metoprolol (no control group) | 4/95 (4.2%) | N | N | |
| Livingstone I, 1983 [55] | Propranolol vs. methyldopa | 2/14 (14.3%) vs. 0/14 (0%) | N | For 48 h after delivery | |
| Dubois D, 1983 [26] | Beta blocker (no control group) | 1/125 (0.8%) | N | At birth | |
| Rubin PC, 1982 [57] | Atenolol (no control group) | 2/9 (22%) | N | During the first 24 h of life | |
| Sanström B, 1982 [58] | Bendroflumethiazide + metoprolol vs. metoprolol + hydralazine vs. Bendroflumethiazide + hydralazine | 6 | N | N | |
| Dumez Y, 1981 [60] | Acebutolol vs. methyldopa | 6/10 vs. 1/10 | Day 1: 1.60 mmol/L ± 0.99 vs. 2.55 mmol/L ± 0.42 (NS), Day 2: 2.63 mmol/L ± 0.50 vs. 2.47 mmol/L ± 0.63 (NS), Day 3: 3.29 mmol/L ± 1.53 vs. 2.72 mmol/L ± 1.19 (NS) | N | Daily within the 3 first days of life, for the first time at about three hours of life and on the second and third days of life two hours after feeding |
| Bott-Kanner G, 1980 [61] | Propranolol (no control group) | 2/14 (14.3%) | Blood glucose < 35 mg/dL | Frequently In the first few hours of life | |
| O’Hare MF, 1980 [62] | Sotalol (no control group) | 1/12 (8.33%) | N | Four-hourly | |
| Gallery ED, 1979 [63] | Oxprenolol vs. methyldopa | 3.8 ± 0.27 vs. 2.8 ± 0.36 mmol/L p < 0.05 | N | N | |
| Pruyn SC, 1979 [64] | Propranolol (no control group) | 3/12 (25%) | N | N | |
| Eliahou HE, 1978 [65] | Propranolol (no control group) | 0/22 (0%) | N | N |
N: is not described in article. NS: not significant. 1 PS-matched: Propensity scores were estimated using a logistic regression model in which exposure was the dependent variable and was estimated on the basis of 5 groups of potential confounders of the planned analysis: demographic characteristics, medical conditions, obstetrical conditions, maternal medications, and measures of healthcare use [35]. 2 Hypoglycemia was grouped under endocrine and metabolic disturbances specific to newborns, which included neonatal hypoglycemia [39]. 3 As regards other outcome variables, namely, the Apgar score, respiratory and heart rate at delivery, hypoglycemia and jaundice during the first 24 h—the differences between the two treatment groups were inconsistent and non-significant [44]. 4 Blood glucose levels were mostly within the normal reported range of 2.0–5.0 mmol/L for term infants, but they all tended towards the lower limit, with a range of 1.8–4.2 mmol/L, with a median of 3.2 mmol/l. No infant was clinically hypoglycemic at any time [49]. 5 For the analyses, the material was divided into two categories. The first group gives data for all the 161 patients for whom it was the intention to treat. In the calculation of cause-and-effect, 26 patients were withdrawn from the original group of 161: in 5 patients of C-group, DBP exceeded 110 mmHg and they were then treated with antihypertensive drugs; one patient in the T-group admitted that she had not taken the prescribed drugs; 6 patients gave birth to malformed or stillborn children and their data were not used for the calculation of Apgar scores, birth weights or other vitality signs. Eight patients in the T-group and 6 in the C-group gave birth within 2 weeks after admission to the study, and these 14 women were excluded from the cause-and-effect analyses because of the short treatment period [50]. 6 There were no abnormal changes in heart frequency, P-glucose, P-bilirubin and maturity of the lungs of the new-born infants in groups A and B in comparison with group C, in which no adrenergic beta-blocking agent was used [58].