TABLE. Characteristics of adults aged ≥65 years with COVID-19–like illness* tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection, by COVID-19 case status† — 24 medical centers in 14 states,§ January–March 2021.
| Characteristic | Case status, no. (column %) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 417) | Case-patients (n = 187) | Control participants (n = 230) | p-value | |
|
Month of admission
| ||||
| January |
80 (19) |
52 (28) |
28 (12) |
<0.01 |
| February |
153 (37) |
74 (40) |
79 (34) |
|
| March |
184 (44) |
61 (33) |
123 (53) |
|
|
U.S. Census region¶
| ||||
| Northeast |
174 (42) |
61 (33) |
113 (49) |
<0.01 |
| South |
135 (32) |
77 (41) |
58 (25) |
|
| Midwest |
68 (16) |
23 (12) |
45 (20) |
|
| West |
40 (10) |
26 (14) |
14 (6) |
|
|
Age group, yrs
| ||||
| 65–74 |
244 (59) |
106 (57) |
138 (60) |
0.49 |
| ≥75 |
173 (41) |
81 (43) |
92 (40) |
|
|
Female sex
|
200 (48) |
83 (44) |
117 (51) |
0.19 |
|
Race/Ethnicity
| ||||
| White, non-Hispanic |
303 (73) |
129 (69) |
174 (76) |
0.32 |
| Black, non-Hispanic |
70 (17) |
34 (18) |
36 (16) |
|
| Other, non-Hispanic |
14 (3) |
9 (5) |
5 (2) |
|
| Hispanic, any race |
26 (6) |
12 (6) |
14 (6) |
|
| Unknown |
4 (1) |
3 (2) |
1 (0.4) |
|
|
Medical insurance (missing = 1)
| ||||
| Yes |
408 (98) |
180 (96) |
228 (99) |
0.01 |
| No |
8 (2) |
7 (4) |
1 (0.4) |
|
|
Resident in long-term care facility** (missing = 1)
|
16 (4) |
6 (3) |
10 (4) |
0.55 |
|
≥1 previous hospitalization in last year** (missing = 12)
|
195 (48) |
63 (35) |
132 (59) |
<0.01 |
|
Received current season influenza vaccination** (missing = 18)
|
312 (78) |
134 (76) |
178 (80) |
0.38 |
|
Current tobacco use** (missing = 8)
| ||||
| Yes |
35 (9) |
8 (4) |
27 (12) |
<0.01 |
| No |
374 (91) |
174 (96) |
200 (88) |
|
|
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status†
| ||||
| Unvaccinated |
287 (69) |
146 (78) |
141 (61) |
<0.01 |
| Single-dose vaccinated <14 days before illness onset |
49 (12) |
22 (12) |
27 (12) |
|
| Partially vaccinated |
62 (15) |
18 (10) |
44 (19) |
|
| Fully vaccinated |
19 (5) |
1 (0.5) |
18 (8) |
|
|
Vaccine type, if vaccinated (missing = 11)
| ||||
| Pfizer-BioNTech |
63 (53) |
15 (42) |
48 (58) |
0.10 |
| Moderna |
56 (47) |
21 (58) |
35 (42) |
|
|
Admission characteristic
| ||||
| Days from illness onset to admission, median (IQR) |
3 (1–6) |
4 (1–7) |
2 (0–4) |
<0.01 |
| Days from illness onset to SARS-CoV-2 testing, median (IQR) | 2 (0–4) | 3 (0–5) | 1 (0–4) | <0.01 |
Abbreviations: HAIVEN = Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network; IQR = interquartile range; IVY = Influenza and Other Viruses in the Acutely Ill.
* Clinical criteria for hospitalized COVID-19–like illness varied by hospital network. IVY Network criteria for COVID-19–like illness included presence of fever, feverishness, cough, sore throat, myalgias, shortness of breath, chest pain, loss of taste, loss of smell, respiratory congestion, increased sputum production, new oxygen saturation <94% on room air, new requirement for invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation, or new pulmonary findings on chest imaging consistent with pneumonia. HAIVEN criteria included fever without a known non–COVID-19 cause, new or worsening cough, a change in sputum production, or new or worsening shortness of breath.
† SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status included the following four categories: 1) unvaccinated, defined as no receipt of any SARS CoV-2 vaccine; 2) single-dose vaccinated <2 weeks before illness onset, defined as receipt of the first vaccine dose within 14 days before onset of COVID-like illness; 3) partially vaccinated, defined as receipt of 1 dose of a 2-dose vaccine series (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna) ≥14 days before illness onset or receipt of 2 doses, with the second dose received <14 days before illness onset; 4) fully vaccinated, defined as receipt of both doses of a 2-dose vaccine series, with the second dose received ≥14 days before illness onset.
§ Patients were enrolled from 24 medical centers in 14 states (University of California Los Angeles and Stanford University [California], UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital [Colorado], Johns Hopkins Hospital [Maryland], Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Baystate Medical Center [Massachusetts], University of Michigan, Henry Ford, and St. Joseph [Michigan], Hennepin County Medical Center [Minnesota], Montefiore Healthcare Center [New York], Wake Forest University [North Carolina], Ohio State University [Ohio], Oregon Health & Science University [Oregon], University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Shadyside, Mercy, Passavant, St. Margaret, and Presbyterian Hospitals [Pennsylvania], Vanderbilt University Medical Center [Tennessee], Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, Round Rock, Hillcrest/Waco [Texas], and Intermountain Health [Utah]).
¶ Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
** Information was obtained by patient or proxy self-report.