Table 2.

Nanoparticles used for treatment in experimental MS models and in MS patients.

Treatment	Administration Means	Administration Time Point	Outcome Measure	Reference
Experimental MS Models
99mTc-DTPA-loaded liposomes in EAE	Intravenous	At induction of disease	Biodistribution of liposomes	[258]
MOG40–55-loaded liposomes in EAE	Intraperitoneal	At induction of disease	Preventive and preclinical treatment effects on EAE development	[267]
MBP-loaded liposomes in EAE	Subcutaneous	At disease onset for 6 days	Effect of different MBP isoforms on EAE progression	[275]
Prednisolone-loaded liposomes in EAE	Intravenous	At peak of disease	Effect on EAE progression, BBB permeability, and drug biodistribution	[261]
(Methyl)prednisolone-loaded liposomes in EAE	Intravenous	At peak of disease	Effect on EAE progression and macrophage functioning	[262]
Methylprednisolone-loaded liposomes in EAE	Intravenous	Prophylactic, at disease onset, and disease peak	Brain-targeted effect on EAE symptoms	[264]
MOG-loaded PLGA particles in EAE	Intravenous/subcutaneous	Prophylactic	Effect on EAE development	[268]
MOG-anti-Fas-PD-L1-Fc-CD47-Fc-TGFβ-loaded PLGA particles in EAE	Intravenous	At disease onset and disease peak	Modulation of auto-reactive T cells in EAE and disease progression	[269]
MOG-IL10-loaded PLGA particles in EAE	Subcutaneous	Prophylactic, at disease onset, and disease peak	Effect of ‘inverse vaccination’ on EAE progression	[270]
PLP-coupled PLGA particles in EAE	Intravenous	At disease onset	Treatment of EAE and nanoparticle uptake in vitro by antigen-presenting cells	[272]
PHCCC-loaded PLGA particles in EAE	Subcutaneous	From induction of disease, every 3 or 5 days	Effect on DC activation and EAE disease progression	[273]
miR-219a-5p liposomes, PLGA particles, and extracellular vesicles in EAE	Intranasal	2 and 8 days post-induction of disease (before symptom onset)	Effect on remyelination in EAE	[274]
Curcumin-loaded HPPS in EAE	Intravenous	8, 10, 12, and 14 days post-induction of disease	Restriction of immune cell infiltration of the brain in EAE by modulation of monocytes	[259]
PLP-coupled PLGA particles in relapsing–remitting EAE	Intravenous	At disease onset, disease peak, and disease remission	Prevention and treatment of relapsing EAE disease	[271]
(Methyl)prednisolone-loaded liposomes in chronic relapsing EAE	Intravenous	At first peak of disease	Effect on disease progression, their effect on relapse risk, and macrophage CNS infiltration	[263]
Dimethyl-fumarate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in cuprizone	Oral	Daily cuprizone and nanoparticles for 30 days	Effect on remyelination	[266]
LIF-loaded PLGA particles in focal demyelination	Intralesional	8 days post-lysolecithin lesioning	Effect on OPC differentiation in vitro and remyelination in vivo	[279]
MS Patients
MBP-loaded liposomes	Subcutaneous	Once a week for 6 weeks	Safety profile of CD206-targeted liposomal MBP treatment in RRMS and SPMS patients	[286]
MBP-loaded liposomes	Subcutaneous	Once a week for 6 weeks	Serum cytokine analysis and Th1/Th2 ratio in RRMS and SPMS patients	[278]

BBB—blood–brain barrier; CNS—central nervous system; DTPA—diethylenetriaminepentacetate; EAE—experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; HPPS—high-density lipoprotein-mimicking peptide-phospholipid scaffold; LIF—leukemia inhibitory factor; MOG—myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; MS—multiple sclerosis; OPC—oligodendrocyte progenitor cell; PHCC—N-phenyl-7-(hydroxyimino) cyclopropa[b]chromen-1a-carboxamide; PLGA—poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); RRMS—relapsing–remitting MS; SPMS—secondary progressive MS.