Figure 2.

The relationship between microbiota, nervous system, and liver diseases. When dysbiotic, the gut-microbiome-derived metabolites start to cause neuroendocrine dysregulation, principally by impairments in the activity of neurotransmitters. This endotoxemia increases the personal risk for Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as multiple sclerosis and other behavioral and cognitional alterations. GABA: gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; DOPA: dopamine; IL-1ß: interleukin-1β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor.