Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies and participants.

Authors	Type	Population	Gender	Age
Xu et al., 2021 [27]	Paralell	40 mg (n = 45), 80 mg (n = 42), 320 mg (n = 43), placebo (n = 46)	176 total, 26.1% males and 73.9% females	57.41 ± 7.95
Zhu et al., 2011 [25]	Crossover	320 mg (n = 75), placebo (n = 75)	146 total, 47.8% males and 52.2% females	40–65
Zhu et al., 2014 [52]	Paralell	anthocyanins (n = 61), placebo (n = 61)	122 total, 42% males and 58% females	55.1 ± 5.4
Zhao et al., 2021 [28]	Paralell	40 mg (n = 45), 80 mg (n = 42), 320 mg (n = 43), placebo (n = 46)	169 total, 26.1% males and 73.9% females	57.45 ± 0.86
Thompson et al., 2017 [53]	Paralell	Antocyanins (n = 13), placebo (n = 13)	26 total, 34.6% males and 65.4% females	39 ± 11
Hassellund et al., 2013 [37]	Crossover	Anthocyanins (n = 14), placebo (n = 13)	27 males	41 ± 3
Hassellund et al., 2012 [36]	Crossover	Anthocyanins (n = 14), placebo (n = 13)	27 males	35–51
Qin, et al., 2009 [29]	Paralell	Anthocynins (n = 60), placebo (n = 60)	120 total, 35% males and 65% females	55.1 ± 5.4 placebo, 55.3 ± 5.0 anthocyanin
Zhu et al., 2013 [32]	Paralell	Anthocyanins (n = 73), placebo (n = 73)	146 total, 41.8% males and 58.2% females	40–65
Yang et al., 2020 [24]	Paralell	Anthocyanins prediabetes (n = 40), placebo prediabetes (n = 36)	138 total, 33.75% males and 66.25% females	61.2 ± 6.9 placebo, 60.8 ± 7.9 anthocyanin
Zhang et al., 2016 [34]	Paralell	Anthocyanins (n = 73), placebo (n = 73)	146 total, 41.8% males and 58.2% females	40–65
Rizza et al., 2011 [48]	Crossover	Hesperidin (n = 12), placebo (n = 12)	24 total, 62.5% males and 37.5% females	51.66 ± 1.52
Yari et al., 2020 [50]	Paralell	Hesperidin (n = 25), placebo (n = 24)	49 total, 51% males and 49% females	45.19 ± 11.11
Morand et al., 2011 [42]	Crossover	Control drink + hesperidin (n = 8), control drink + placebo (n = 8)	24 males	56 ± 1
Salden et al., 2016 [38]	Paralell	Hesperidin (n = 34), placebo (n = 34)	68 total, 42.6% males and 57.4% females	53 ± 14
Yari et al., 2021 [49]	Paralell	Placebo (n = 22), Hesperidin (n = 22)	44 total, 47.8% males and 52.2% females	46.41 ± 11.10 control, 45.82 ± 11.69 hesperidin
Ohara et al., 2016 [35]	Paralell	Placebo (n = 15), G-Hesperidin (n = 15)	74 total, 50% males and 50% females	49.12 ± 1.24
Egert et al., 2009 [43]	Crossover	Quercetin (n = 93), placebo (n = 93)	93 total, 45.1% males and 54.9% females	45.1 ± 10.53
Egert et al., 2010 [51]	Crossover	apoE3 Quercetin (n = 86), E4 Quercetin (86), placebo (n = 86)	93 total, 45.1% males and 54.9% females	45.5 ± 9.45
Pfeuffer et al., 2013 [26]	Crossover	apoE3/3 (n = 19), apoE4 (n = 30)	49 total, 51% males and 49% females	59.4 ± 0.9
Dower et al., 2015 [39]	Crossover	Epicatechin (n = 11), Quercetin (n = 14), placebo (n = 12)	37 total, 67.6% males and 32.4% females	66.4 ± 7.9
Esser et al., 2018 [40]	Crossover	Epicatechin (n = 32), placebo (n = 32)	32 total, 62.5% males and 37.5% females	65.8 ± 7.9
Kirch et al., 2018 [44]	Crossover	Epicatechin (n = 24), placebo (n = 23)	47 total, 53.2% males and 46.8% females	36 ± 12 males, 35 ±16 females
Chatree et al., 2021 [45]	Paralell	EGCG (n = 15), placebo (n = 15)	30, gender no specified	older than 18 years
Brown et al., 2009 [46]	Paralell	EGCG (n = 46), placebo (n = 42)	88 males	50.57 ± 56.48 placebo 52.15 ± 6.43 EGCG
Guevara-Cruz et al., 2020 [47]	Paralell	Genistein (n = 22), placebo (n = 23)	45, gender no specified	43.0 ± 2.28 placebo 42.6 ± 1.9 Genistein
Hodgson et al., 1998 [30]	Paralell	Isoflavonoid group (n = 30), placebo group (n = 29)	59 total, 78% males and 22% females	57.0 placebo and 54.3 Isoflav.
Trautwein et al., 2010 [31]	Paralell	Theaflavins (n = 34), Theaflavins + Catechin (n = 31) and placebo (n = 34)	99 total, 65.7% males and 34.3% females	48.1 ± 6.1
Ribeiro et al., 2019 [41]	Paralell	200 mg (n = 26), 400 mg (n = 27), 800 mg (n = 25), placebo (n = 25)	103 total, 46.7% males and 52.4% females	49 ± 10