Table 4.
Effects of flavonoids on secondary outcomes.
| Flavonoid | TNF-α and hs-CRP | Others Markers |
|---|---|---|
| Anthocyanin | ||
| Qin et al., 2009 [29] | NA | ↓ mass and activity CETP, and ↑ cellular cholesterol efflux |
| Hassellund et al., 2012 [36] | NA | No changes in levels of renin, aldosterone, or angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| Hassellund et al., 2013 [37] | No changes in TNF-α and hs-CRP | ↑ von Willebrand factor |
| Zhu et al., 2011 [25] | NA | ↓ FMD, cGMP and adhesion molecules, such as sVCAM-1 |
| Zhu et al., 2013 [32] | No changes in TNF-α, ↓ hs-CRP | ↓ sVCAM-1 and IL-1β |
| Zhu et al., 2014 [52] | NA | ↑ cholesterol efflux capacity and HDL-PON1 activity |
| Zhang et al., 2016 [34] | No changes in TNF-α, ↓ hs-CRP | ↓ IL-1β and sP-selectin |
| Thompson et al., 2017 [53] | No changes in hs-CRP | ↓ (ADP)-induced platelet activation, PAC-1 and p-selectin |
| Yang et al., 2020 [24] | NA | No changes in adiponectin levels |
| Xu et al., 2021 [27] | NA | ↑ cholesterol efflux capacity and ApoA-I |
| Zhao et al., 2021 [28] | NA | ↑ cholesterol efflux capacity, ApoA-I and Apo B |
| Hesperidin | ||
| Morand et al., 2011 [42] | No changes in hs-CRP | ↑ endothelium-dependent vasodilation and ↓ interleukin-6 |
| Rizza et al., 2011 [48] | ↓ hs-CRP | ↑ FMD, ↓ apoB, and ↓ sE-selectin |
| Salden et al., 2016 [38] | NA | No changes in FMD, ↓ adhesion molecules such as sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 |
| Ohara et al., 2016 [35] | NA | No changes in abdominal fat area (visceral and subcutaneous) |
| Yari et al., 2020 [50] | ↓ TNF-α and hs-CRP | NA |
| Yari et al., 2021 [49] | NA | NA |
| Quercetin | ||
| Egert et al., 2009 [43] | No changes in TNF-α and hs-CRP | ↓ ox-LDL, ↓ pulse pressure |
| Egert et al., 2010 [51] | ↓ TNF-α, no changes in hs-CRP | ↓ ox-LDL |
| Pfeuffer et al., 2013 [26] | ↑TNF-α, no changes in hs-CRP | No changes in s-E-Selectin, s-VCAM, s-ICAM, ox-LDL, and hs-CRP |
| Dower et al., 2015 [39] | NA | No changes in FMD or EID |
| Epicatechin | ||
| Dower et al., 2015 [39] | NA | No changes in FMD or EID |
| Esser et al., 2018 [40] | ↓ TNF upstream regulator | ↓ IL8-CXCR1/2 and AMB2_neutrophil genes |
| Kirch et al., 2018 [44] | NA | No changes in ox-LDL |
| Epigallocatechin G. | ||
| Brown et al., 2009 [46] | NA | ↑ mood (hedonic tone) |
| Chatree et al., 2021 [45] | NA | ↓ serum kisspeptin |
| Genistein | ||
| Hodgson et al., 1998 [30] | NA | No changes in lipoprotein (a) concentrations |
| Guevara-Cruz et al., 2020 [47] | ↓ hs-CRP | ↓ metabolic endotoxemia, ↑ skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation |
| Theaflavins and Catechin | ||
| Trautwein et al., 2010 [31] | NA | NA |
| Eriocitrin, Hesperidin, Naringin, and Didymin | ||
| Ribeiro et al., 2019 [41] | ↓ TNF-α and hs-CRP | ↓ C-peptide and Interleukin-6, ↑ antioxidant capacity |
↓↑, Significant augmentation or diminution; NA, not assayed; hs-CRP, highly sensitive C-reactive protein; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; FMD, flow-mediated dilatation; cGMP, cyclic guanosine 3’,5’-monophosphate; sVCAM and VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; IL, interleukin; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; PAC-1, procaspase-activating compound; Apo, apolipoprotein; EID, endothelium-independent dilation; ox-LDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; CETP, cholesteryl ester transfer protein.