Figure 2.

miRNAs involved in CAC-associated canonical signaling pathways. In the development of CAC, major signaling pathways involve the upregulation and downregulation of several miRNAs. miRNA upregulation leads to the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, morphological changes, and increased epithelial barrier permeability. Feedback contributes to CAC progression by further exacerbating these changes. After activation of the proinflammatory state, these associated changes go back and stimulate miRNAs to create positive feedback mechanisms. The loss of major downregulated miRNAs leads to increased proinflammatory pathway activation, leading to the compounding effects of inflammation on accelerating tumor development. Black arrow: activation. Brown arrow: positive feedback. Created with Biorender.com.