Figure 2.

Forest plots of pairwise meta-analysis concerning the efficacy of triple ICS/LABA/LAMA FDCs vs. dual FDCs on the risk of moderate or severe AECOPD (A) and the change from baseline in trough FEV₁ (B), TDI (C), and SGRQ (D). ^§ Treatment comparison introducing substantial heterogeneity in the pairwise meta-analysis. AECOPD: acute exacerbation of COPD; BDP: beclomethasone dipropionate; BID: bis in die, twice daily; BUD: budesonide; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FDC: fixed-dose combination; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in the first second; FF: fluticasone furoate; FOR: formoterol fumarate; GLY: glycopyrronium bromide or glycopyrrolate; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid; LABA: long-acting β₂-adrenoceptor agonist; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; MD: mean difference; QD: quaque die, once daily; RR: relative risk; SGRQ: St. George’s respiratory questionnaire; TDI: transition dyspnea index; UMEC: umeclidinium bromide; VI: vilanterol.