Table 3.
Major Medical Imaging Findings on Admission.
| Author, Year | Imaging Conducted (n) | Echo Findings (n) | CT Angiography Findings (n) | Coronary Angiogram Findings (n) | ECG Findings (n) | MRI Findings (n) | Myocarditis Diagnostic Tool |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abellan C et al., 2021 [92] | Echocardiogram (3), Coronary Angiogram (2), ECG (3), MRI (3) |
Hypokinesia (2), Reduced LVEF (1), Unremarkable (1) |
NR | Unremarkable (2) | ST Elevation (2), PR Depression (2), Incomplete RBBB (1), ST Depression (1), Inverted T Wave (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (3), Myocardial Edema (2), Pericardial Effusion (1) |
Cardiac MRI (3) |
| Ahmed SK, 2022 [91] | CXR (5), Echocardiogram (5), ECG (5), |
NR | NR | NR | ST Changes (5) | NR | Troponin Levels and Echocardiogram (5) |
| Aikawa T et al., 2022 [89] | Echocardiogram (1), CT Angiography (1), Cardiac Biopsy (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Wall Motion Abnormalities (1) | Subepicardial Delayed Enhancement (1) | NR | ST Elevation (1) | Subepicardial Enhancement (1) | Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Alania-Torres E et al., 2021 [90] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), ECG (1), |
LV Enlargement (1), LV Systolic Dysfunction (1) |
NR | NR | QRS Changes (1), Flat T Waves (1) |
NR | Laboratory Data, Clinical Symptoms (1) |
| Albert E et al., 2021 [88] | Echocardiogram (1), CT Angiography (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | Bilateral Pleural Effusion (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | Myocardial Enhancement (1), Epicardial Enhancement (1), Edema (1) |
Lake Louise Criteria (1) |
| Ammirati E et al., 2021 [87] | CXR (1), CT Angiography (1), Cardiac Ventriculography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
NR | Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1), Peaked T Wave (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Aviram G et al., 2022 [86] | CXR (4), Echocardiogram (4), Chest CT (4), ECG (4), MRI (4) |
Unremarkable (2), Reduced LVEF (2) |
NR | NR | ST Elevation (2), Unremarkable (2) |
Edema (1), Subepicardial Enhancement (2) |
Cardiac MRI (4) |
| Bautista Garcia J et al., 2021 [85] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), CT Angiography (2), ECG (2), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (2) | NR | Sinus Tachycardia (1), Narrow QRS Complex (1), ST Elevation (1) |
Edema (1), Subepicardial Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Bengel C et al., 2022 [84] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (4), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (3), MRI (2) |
Unremarkable (1), Reduced Systolic Function (1), Hypokinesis (1) |
NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1), ST Depression (1) |
Myocardial Edema (2), Hypokinesis (1), Reduced LV Systolic Function (1), Myocardial Enhancement (1), Pericardial Enhancement (1) |
Lake Louise Criteria (1), Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Bews H et al., 2022 [83] | Echocardiogram (9), ECG (9), MRI (9) |
Wall Motion Abnormalities (6) | NR | NR | ST Elevation (1), PR Depression (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (7), Myocardial Enhancement (5), Hypokinesis (1) |
Cardiac MRI (9) |
| Cereda A et al., 2021 [79] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Hypokinesis (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1) | Edema (1), Epicardial Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Chachar T et al., 2021 [80] | Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1) | Subepicardial Enhancement (1) | Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Chamling B et al., 2021 [81] | Echocardiogram (2), Cardiac Ventriculography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), Heart Catheterisation (1), ECG (2), MRI (2) |
Unremarkable (2) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (2) | Inflammatory Focus (1), Non-Ischemic Myocardial Damage (1) |
Cardiac MRI (2) |
| Chellapandian SB et al., 2022 [82] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), CT Angiography (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | Myocardial Edema (1), Hyperaemia (1), Scarring (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Chow BT and Lai CK, 2022 [77] | Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), Heart Catheterisation (1), ECG (2), MRI (1) |
Reduced LVEF (1), Wall Motion Abnormalities (1), Mitral Regurgitation (1) |
NR | Coronary Artery Disease (1) | T Wave Inversion (1), QRS Changes (1) |
Hypokinesia (1), Subepicardial Enhancement (1), Reduced RV Systolic Function (1) |
Lake Louise Criteria (1) |
| Cimaglia P et al., 2022 [78] | Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Reduced LVEF (1), Hypokinesia (1), Pericardium Hyper Echogenicity (1) |
NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1), ST Depression (1) |
Dilated Left Ventricle (1), Myocardial Enhancement (1) |
Lake Louise Criteria (1) |
| D’Angelo T et al., 2021 [76] | Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Pericardial Effusion (1), Hypokinesia (1) |
NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1), Nonspecific T Wave Change (1) |
Myocardial Enhancement (1), Pericardial Enhancement (1) |
ECG, Cardiac MRI, Laboratory Data (1) |
| Deb A et al., 2021 [75] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), ECG (1) |
Dilated Left Atrium (1), Hypokinesia (1), Grade 2 Diastolic Dysfunction (1) |
NR | NR | Sinus Tachycardia (1), Nonspecific ST Change (1), Nonspecific T Wave Change (1) |
NR | Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Diaz GA et al., 2021 [74] | ECG (NR), MRI (20) |
NR | NR | NR | Bundle Branch Block (1), ST Elevation (9) |
NR | MRI + Lab Findings (20) |
| Dickey JB et al., 2021 [73] | ECG (3), MRI (3) |
NR | NR | NR | ST Elevation (3), PR Depression (1) |
Myocardial Enhancement (1) | Cardiac MRI (3) |
| Dlewati M et al., 2022 [72] | Echocardiogram (1), Cardiac Ventriculography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), Heart Catheterisation (1), ECG (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1), ST Depression (1) |
NR | Clinical Findings (1) |
| Gautam N et al., 2021 [71] | CXR (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
NR | NR | Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (1) | ST Elevation (1) | Reduced LVEF (1), Myocardial Enhancement (1), Epicardial Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Habedank D et al., 2022 [70] | Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | Focal Edema (1), Subepicardial Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Habib MB et al., 2021 [69] | Echocardiogram (1), CT Angiography (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | NR | ST Elevation (1) | Subepicardial Enhancement (1) | Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Jahnke C et al., 2022 [68] | Echocardiogram (2), Coronary Angiogram (2), ECG (2), MRI (2) |
Unremarkable (2) | NR | Unremarkable (2) | Unremarkable (2) | Regional Wall Motion Abnormality (1), Pericardial Effusion (1), Unspecified Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI (2) |
| Kaneta K et al., 2022 [67] | Echocardiogram (1), Cardiac Ventriculography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), MRI (1) |
Hypokinesia (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1) | Unspecified Enhancement (1) | Lake Louise Criteria (1) |
| Kaul R et al., 2021 [66] | Echocardiogram (4), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (2), MRI (2) |
Hypokinesis (1), Dilated RV (1), Reduced Systolic Function (1), Mitral Regurgitation (1), Unremarkable (2) |
NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (2), ST Depression (1) |
Delayed Epicardium Enhancement (1), Delayed Pericardium Enhancement (1) |
Lake Louise Criteria (2) |
| Kawakami T et al., 2022 [65] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), Cardiac Ventriculography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Reduced LVEF (1), Wall Motion Abnormalities (1) |
NR | Unremarkable (1) | T Wave Inversion (1) | Myocardial Edema (1) | Lake Louise Criteria (1) |
| Kim HW et al., 2021 [64] | CXR (4), Chest CT (2), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (4), MRI (4) |
NR | NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (2), PR Depression (2) |
Reduced LVEF (1), Pericardial Effusion (4), Regional Wall Motion Abnormality (4) |
Cardiac MRI (4) |
| Kim IC et al., 2021 [61] | Echocardiogram (1), CT Angiography (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Worsened Strain Value (1) | Unremarkable (1) | NR | ST Elevation (1) | Unspecified Increased Signal Intensity (1), Subepicardial Enhancement (1) |
Lake Louise Criteria (1) |
| King WW et al., 2021 [63] | Echocardiogram (4), ECG (4), MRI (1) |
Hypokinesis (2) | NR | NR | PR Depression (3), ST Elevation (3), T Wave Inversion (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (1) | Cardiac MRI (1), TTE, ECG (3) |
| Koizumi T et al., 2021 [60] | Echocardiogram (2), Coronary Angiogram (2), Cardiac Biopsy (2), ECG (2), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (2) | NR | Unremarkable (2) | ST Elevation (2) | Epicardial Enhancement (1) | Cardiac MRI (1), ECG, Laboratory Data (1) |
| Korosoglou G et al., 2022 [62] | Echocardiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Reduced LVEF (1) | NR | NR | ST Elevation (1) | Reduced LVEF (1), Myocardial Edema (1), Subepicardial Enhancement (1), Pericardial Effusion (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Larson KF et al., 2021 [59] | Heart Catheterisation (5), Cardiac Biopsy (1), ECG (8), MRI (8) |
NR | NR | NR | ST Elevation (6), Peaked T Wave (1) | Subepicardial Enhancement (1), Myocardial Enhancement (1), Edema (6), Delayed Enhancement (6), Pericardial Effusion (3), Pericardial Edema (1) |
Cardiac MRI (8) |
| Lee CH and Kong EJ, 2022 [58] | Echocardiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | NR | ST Depression (1), T Wave Inversion (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (1) | F-FDG PET/MRI (1) |
| Levin D et al., 2021 [56] | Echocardiogram (7), CT Angiography (2), Heart Catheterisation (1), ECG (7), MRI (3) |
Hypokinesis (1), LV Dysfunction (1), Reduce LVEF (2), Unremarkable (5) |
Subepicardial Focal Enhancement (1), Late Wall Adherence (1) |
NR | ST Elevation (6), PR Depression (2), Sinus Tachycardia (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (3), Mesocardiac Enhancement (1), Myocardial Edema (1), Dilated LV (1), Systolic Dysfunction (1), Myocardium Enhancement (1) |
ECG (2), CT Scan (2), Cardiac MRI (3) |
| Maeda M et al., 2022 [19] | Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | Nonspecific ST Changes (1), Nonspecific T Wave Changes (1) |
Myocardial Edema (1) | Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Maki H et al., 2022 [54] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), Cardiac Biopsy (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Hypokinesis (1), Pericardial Effusion (1) |
NR | Unremarkable (1) | Sinus Tachycardia (1), ST Elevation (1) |
Biventricular Systolic Dysfunction (1) | EMB (1) |
| Manfredi R et al., 2022 [57] | Echocardiogram (2), ECG (2), MRI (2) |
Unremarkable (2) | NR | NR | Unremarkable (2) | Myocardial Edema (1) Unspecified Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI (2) |
| Mansour J et al., 2021 [55] | Echocardiogram (2), CT Angiography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (2), MRI (2) |
Reduced LVEF (1) | Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (2), PR Depression (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (2), Unspecified Increased Signal Intensity (2) |
Cardiac MRI, Lake Louise criteria (2) |
| Marhshall M et al., 2021 [16] | Echocardiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | NR | ST elevation (1) | Myocardial Edema (1), Hyperaemia (1), Fibrosis (1), Mitral Regurgitation (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Matta A et al., 2021 [53] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), ECG (1), |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | NR | Unremarkable (1) | NR | Laboratory Data, Clinical Symptoms (1) |
| Mengesha B et al., 2022 [52] | Echocardiogram (1), CT Angiography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), Heart Catheterisation (1), Cardiac Biopsy (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Reduced LVEF (1), Enlarged Left Ventricle (1), Mitral Regurgitation (1), Tricuspid Regurgitation (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | Sinus Tachycardia (1) | Reduced Systolic Function (1), Hypokinesia (1), Akinesia (1), Myocardial Edema (1), Subendocardial Enhancement (1) |
EMB (1) |
| Meyer-Szary J et al., 2022 [51] | Echocardiogram (1), Chest CT (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | NR | Edema (1), Myocardial Injury (1), Delayed Subepicardial Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Miqdad MA et al., 2021 [46] | Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1) | Myocardial Edema (1) | Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Montgomery J et al. 2021 [50] | Echocardiogram (23), CT Angiography (5), Coronary Angiogram (11), Heart Catheterisation (11), ECG (23), MRI (8) |
Reduced LVEF (4) | Unremarkable (5) | Unremarkable (11) | NR | Subepicardial Enhancement (8), Myocardial Edema (8) |
Lake Louise Criteria (8), Diagnosis Not Performed (15) |
| Mouch S et al., 2021 [49] | Echocardiogram (4), CT Angiography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (4), MRI (4) |
Reduced LVEF (1), Hypokinesis (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | Sinus Tachycardia (1), ST Elevation (4), ST Depression (1), T Wave Inversion (3), PR Depression (2) |
Myocardial Edema (4), Subepicardial Edema (3), Myocardial Enhancement (4), Subepicardial Enhancement (5) |
Cardiac MRI (4) |
| Murakami Y et al., 2022 [48] | Echocardiogram (2), CT Angiography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (2), MRI (2) |
Unremarkable (1), Hypokinesis (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1) | Subepicardial Enhancement (1), Myocardial Edema (1), Subepicardial Lesion (1) |
Cardiac MRI (2) |
| Muthukumar A et al., 2021 [47] | Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (1) | Incomplete Right BBB (1) | Myocardial Enhancement (1), Subepicardial Enhancement (1) |
Lake Louise Criteria (1) |
| Nagasaka T et al., 2022 [45] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), Cardiac Biopsy (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Wall Motion Abnormality (1), Pericardial Effusion (1) |
NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1) | Subepicardial Enhancement (1), Myocardial Enhancement (1) |
EMB and Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Nevet A et al., 2021 [38] | Echocardiogram (3), ECG (3), MRI (3) |
Unremarkable (3) | NR | NR | ST Elevation (3) | Myocardial Edema (1), Myocardial Enhancement (1) | Cardiac MRI (3) |
| Nguyen TD et al., 2021 [37] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), Cardiac Biopsy (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | NR | PR Changes (1), Delta Waves (1), T Wave Changes (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (1), Myocardial Edema (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Nunn S et al., 2022 [44] | Echocardiogram (1), Heart Catheterisation (1), Cardiac Biopsy (1), MRI (1) |
Wall Motion Abnormality (1) | NR | NR | NR | Subepicardial Scarring (1), Subepicardial Enhancement (1) |
Left Heart Catheterisation and EMB (1) |
| Ohnishi M et al., 2022 [43] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), Chest CT (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | Coronary Artery Fistula (1) | Q Wave Change (1), ST Elevation (1), ST Depression (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (1) | Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Onderko L et al., 2021 [42] | Echocardiogram (2), Coronary Angiogram (2), ECG (3), MRI (3) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | Unremarkable (2) | Unremarkable (1), STEMI (2) |
Myocardial Edema (3), Myocardial Injury (3) |
Cardiac MRI (3) |
| Parmar K et al., 2022 [41] | CXR (4), Echocardiogram (4), Heart Catheterisation (2), Cardiac Biopsy (1), ECG (4), MRI (4) |
NR | NR | NR | AV Block (1), Unremarkable (1), ST Elevation (2) |
Delayed Pericardial Enhancement (1), Unspecified Enhancement (2) |
EMB (1), Cardiac MRI (2), European Society of Cardiology 2013 Criteria (1) |
| Patel YR et al., 2021 [40] | Echocardiogram (5), CT Angiography (1), Coronary Angiogram (2), Heart Catheterisation (1), ECG (5), MRI (5) |
Unremarkable (5) | Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (2) | Sinus Tachycardia (1), PR Depression (3), PR Elevation (3), ST Elevation (1), ST Depression (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (4), Myocardial Enhancement (1), Myocardial Edema (2) |
Lake Louise Criteria (5) |
| Patrignani A et al., 2021 [39] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | Myocardial Edema (1), Subepicardial Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Sano M et al., 2022 [36] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), CT Angiography (1), Chest CT (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), Heart Catheterisation (1), Cardiac Biopsy (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Reduced LVEF (1), Hypokinesis (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1), PR Depression (1) |
Reduced LVEF (1), Hyperaemia (1), Myocardial Edema (1), Subepicardial Enhancement (1), Myocardial Enhancement (1), |
EMB and Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Schmitt P et al., 2021 [29] | Echocardiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | NR | ST Elevation (1) | Subepicardial Enhancement (1), Myocardial Edema (1), |
Cardiac MRI and Lake Louise criteria (1) |
| Shaw KE et al., 2021 [35] | MRI (2) | NR | NR | NR | NR | Unremarkable (2) | Lake Louise Criteria (2) |
| Shiyovich A et al., 2022 [34] | CT Angiography (2), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (4), MRI (4) |
NR | Unremarkable (2) | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (3), Unremarkable (1) |
Regional Wall Motion Abnormalities (1), Unspecified Enhancement (4) |
Lake Louise Criteria (4) |
| Shumkova M et al., 2021 [33] | Echocardiogram (1), Cardiac Ventriculography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Reduced LVEF (1), Hypokinesis (1) |
NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1) | Reduced LVEF (1) | Lake Louise Criteria (1) |
| Singh B et al., 2021 [32] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), CT Angiography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), Heart Catheterisation (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | ST Depression (1) | Subepicardial Enhancement (1) | Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Sokolska J et al., 2021 [31] | Echocardiogram (1), CT Angiography (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Global Longitudinal Deformation (1) | Unremarkable (1) | NR | Incomplete RBBB (1), Q Wave Elevation (1), ST Elevation (1), Negative T Wave (1) |
Unspecified Increased Signal Intensity (1), Subepicardial Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Starekova J et al., 2021 [30] | CT Angiography (3), Pulmonary MRA (2), Scintigraphy (1), ECG (4), MRI (4) |
NR | Unremarkable (3) | NR | ST Elevation (1), ST Depression (1), Nonspecific T Wave Change (2), T Wave Inversion (1) |
Myocardial Enhancement (2), Epicardial Enhancement (5), Pericardial Enhancement (5), Pericardial Effusion (2), Ipsilateral Axillary Lymphadenopathy (4) |
Lake Louise Criteria (4) |
| Tailor P et al., 2021 [22] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), Cardiac Ventriculography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), Heart Catheterisation (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Enlarged Left Ventricle (1), Enlarged Right Ventricle (1), Reduced LVEF (1), Hypokinesis (1) |
NR | Coronary Artery Disease (1) | ST Elevation (1) | Myocardial Enhancement (1) Subepicardial Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Verma A et al., 2021 [23] | Echocardiogram (2), Coronary Angiogram (2), Heart Catheterisation (1), Cardiac Biopsy (1), ECG (2), MRI (1) |
Hypokinesis (2), Reduced LVEF (2), Grade 1 Diastolic Dysfunction (2), Pericardial Effusion (2), RV Systolic Dysfunction (1), LV Hypertrophy (1), Dilated IVC (1) |
NR | Unremarkable (2) | Sinus Tachycardia (1), ST Depression (1), ST Elevation (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (1), Pericardial Enhancement (1) |
NR (1), Autopsy (1) |
| Vidula MK et al., 2021 [24] | Echocardiogram (2), CT Angiography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (2), MRI (2) |
Reduced LVEF (2) | Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | Sinus Tachycardia (1), ST Elevation (2) |
Hypokinesis (2), Subepicardial Enhancement (2) |
Lake Louise Criteria (2) |
| Viskin D et al., 2021 [21] | CXR (8), Echocardiogram (8), CT Angiography (4), ECG (5), MRI (7) |
Reduced LVEF (3), Impaired Speckled Strain (5) |
Typical Myocarditis Distribution (4) | NR | Nonspecific ST Change (5), Nonspecific Q Wave Change (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (6), Myocardial Enhancement (6), Myocardial Edema (1) |
Cardiac MRI (6), Clinical Symptoms, ECG, Laboratory Data, Echocardiography (2) |
| Watkins K et al., 2021 [28] | Ultrasound (1), Echocardiogram (1), CT Angiography (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), Heart Catheterisation (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | Unremarkable (1) | Sinus Tachycardia (1), ST Elevation (1), PR Depression (1) |
Stated Positive for Myocarditis (1) | Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Williams CB et al., 2021 [27] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Reduced LVEF (1) | NR | NR | Sinus Tachycardia (1), PR Depression (1), ST Elevation (1), PR Elevation (1), ST Depression (1) |
Subepicardial Enhancement (1), Myocardial Edema (1) |
Lake Louise Criteria (1) |
| Wong J et al., 2022 [26] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | NR | Sinus Tachycardia (1), ST Elevation (1) |
Reduced Systolic Function (1), Hypokinesis (1), Delayed Epicardial Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
| Wu B et al., 2022 [25] | CXR (1), Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), Heart Catheterisation (1), Cardiac Biopsy (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Hypokinesis (1), Reduced LVEF (1), Pericardial Effusion (1) |
NR | Unremarkable (1) | ST Elevation (1), ST Depression (1) |
Reduced LVEF (1), Myocardial Edema (1), Delayed Myocardial Enhancement (1) |
Cardiac MRI and EMB (1) |
| Yen KC et al., 2022 [20] | Echocardiogram (1), Coronary Angiogram (1), ECG (1), MRI (1) |
Unremarkable (1) | NR | Unremarkable (1) | Sinus Tachycardia (1) | Subepicardial Enhancement (1), Focal Edema (1) |
Cardiac MRI (1) |
Current guidelines for Lake Louise Criteria state a diagnosis of myocarditis if cardiac MRI demonstrates myocardial edema from T2 mapping/T2 weighted imaging and non-ischemic myocardial injury from abnormal T1 mapping/extracellular volume/late gadolinium enhancement. Pericarditis and systolic LV dysfunction are considered supportive criteria. BBB: Bundle branch block, Cardiac MRI: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, CT: Computerized tomography, CXR: Chest X-ray, ECG: Electrocardiogram, EMB: Endomyocardial biopsy, IVC: Inferior vena cava, LV: Left ventricle, LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction, MRA: Magnetic resonance angiography, NR: Not reported, RV: Right ventricle, TTE: Transthoracic echocardiogram.