Table 2.
Summary of in vivo studies on SPMs in neurological immune-mediated disorders.
| Reference | Type of Study | Model | Pro-Resolving Mediator | Delivery (Or Measurement If the Study Was Non-Interventional) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paschalidis N et al., 2009 [60] | Animal study | MOG34-55 -induced EAE in AnxA1 null mice compared to MOG34-55 -induced EAE in control mice | Absence of AnxA1 expression | Measurement of disease activity in spinal cord; lymph-node cells (respectively, by isolation of T-cells and/or fixation with haematoxylin and eosin; and by test ELISA for Th1/Th17 cytokine profile) | ↓ signs of the disease in AnxA1 null mice compared to wild type mice ↓ infiltration of T cells in the spinal cord of AnxA1 null mice compared to wild type |
| Huitinga I et al., 1998 [65] | Animal study | EAE rats (MS mouse model) | AnxA1 | Intracerebroventricular administration | ↓ neurological severity |
| Poisson LM, 2015 [66] | Animal study | EAE rats (MS mouse model) | RvD1 | Oral administration | Attenuation of disease progression by suppressing autoreactive T cells and inducing an M2 phenotype of monocytes/macrophages and resident brain microglial cells |
| Derada Troletti C et al., 2021 [67] | Animal study | EAE rats (MS mouse model) | LXA4 | Intraperitoneal injection | Improvement of EAE clinical symptoms and inhibit CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration into the CNS |
| Derada Troletti C et al., 2021 [67] | In vivo and in vitro study | Human T cells from healthy donors and patients with relapsing-remitting MS | LXA4 | Measurement of T-cell functions | ↓ encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 effector functions |
| Sánchez-Fernández A et al., 2022 [68] | Animal study | EAE rats (MS mouse model) | MaR1 | Intraperitoneal injection | Suppression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, ↓ number of Th1 cells ↑ of Tregs polarization of macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype |
| Prüss H et al., 2013 [69] | Human study | MS patients | RvD1 NDP1 |
CSF levels | ↑ of RvD1 Only detection of NDP1 |
| Kooij G et al., 2020 [70] | Human study | NMOSD patients | RvD1 LTB4 |
CSF levels | RvD1 ↓ LTB4 ↑ |
| Luo B et al., 2016 [73] | Animal study | EAN (experimental autoimmune neuritis) model | RvD1 | Intraperitoneal injection | Macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic T cells in PNS, ↑ TGFβ by macrophages, ↑ local Treg cell counts, and promotion of inflammation resolution and disease recovery |
AnXA1: Annexin A1; AT-NPD1: aspirin-triggered NPD1; BCCAO: bilateral common carotid artery occlusion; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; EAE: Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis; EAN: Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis; FPR: formyl-peptide receptor; LXA4: Lipoxin A4; LXA4 ME: Lipoxin A4 Methyl Ester; LTB4: Leukotriene B4; MaR1: Maresin1; NPD1: Neuroprotectin D1; PNS: peripheral nervous system; RvD1: Resolvin D1.