Table 1.
Clinical studies—an association between microvascular complications and AGEs/RAGE in type 2 DM; Investigation of recent research within the past 10 years.
| No | Authors | Year | Country | Subjects/Study Design | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetic nephropathy | |||||
| 1 | Skrha J. Jr., Soupal J., Loni Ekali et al. [79] | 2013 | Czechoslovakia | 41 subjects with type 2 DM (47 subjects with type 1 DM) /cross-sectional |
Higher AGEs levels were correlated with the albumin–creatinine ratio |
| 2. | Galleau V., Cougnard-Gregoire A., Nov S et al. [80] | 2015 | France | 418 subjects/cohort study | AGEs accumulation was associated with renal insufficiency |
| 3 | Yozgatli K., Lefrandt, J.D., Noordzij M.J et al. [81] | 2018 | UK | 563 subjects/prospective cohort study | Development of microvascular complications was associated with HbA1c, not tissue accumulation of AGEs |
| 4 | Farhan S.S. and Hussain S.A. [82] | 2019 | Iraq | 50 subjects Cross-sectional | There was a positive correlation between AGEs ratio and urine albumin/serum ratio in type 2 DM |
| 5 | Nishad R., Tahaseen V., Kavvuri R. et al. [83] | 2021 | India | 130 subjects with albuminuria ranging from 150–450 mg/day/cross-sectional | A significant association between AGEs and impaired kidney function was observed in type 2 DM patients using AGE index. |
| 6 | Koska J, Gerstein H.C., Beisswenger P.J. et al. [84] | 2022 | USA | Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) (n = 1150) and Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT) (n = 447) participants/cohort study | AGEs in two different type 2 DM cohorts showed strong correlation with renal outcomes of reduced eGFR and macroalbuminuria. |
| 7 | Jin Q., Lau E.S., Luk A.O, Ozaki R, et al. [85] | 2022 | Hong Kong | 3725 subjects/cohort study | AGEs measured by higher skin autofluorescence level were associated with kidney disease progression in type 2 DM |
| Diabetic retinopathy | |||||
| 1. | Ng Z.X., Chua K.H., Iqbal T, et al. [86] | 2013 | Malaya | 171 type 2 DM subjects versus 235 healthy control/case–control study | Proliferative DR patients had significantly higher levels of plasma pentosidine |
| Diabetic neuropathy | |||||
| 1. | Vouillarmet J., Maucort-Boulch D., Michon P. et al. [87] |
2013 | France | 66 subjects/prospective cohort study | AGEs measured by skin auto-fluorescence predict diabetic foot. |
| 2. | Abuert C.E., Michel P.L., Gillery P. et al. [88] | 2014 | Switzerland | 198 subjects/cohort study | CML and sRAGE were associated with DPN in patients with type 2 DM |
| 3. | Zhao X.W., Yue W.X., Zhang S.W. et al. [89] | 2022 | China | 560 subject/cohort study | Accumulation of AGEs measured using skin autofluorescence is correlated with DPN |
AGEs, advanced glycation end products; CML, N-carboxymethyllysine; DM, diabetes mellitus; DPN, diabetic polyneuropathy; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products.