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Urinary excretion of tryptophan (TRP) and its metabolites: kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and quinolinic acid (QA) before (grey) and after (black) treatment with rifaximin. Differences were examined by Wilcoxon signed rank test; n = 40 in both groups; *** p < 0.001.
