Table 2.
Summary of systematically selected papers (Se plus other nutrients supplementation).
| Reference | Country | Pathology | Groups | Study Type | Characteristics of the Participants | Se Levels (μg/L) |
Cognitive Test (Score) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Van Rhijn et al. [32] | United Kingdom | MCI | Olive Oil (control): six capsules of olive oil and one placebo tablet for 20 weeks. EPO/Zn/Se: six primrose oil capsule (500 mg) and one tablet (200 mg zinc sulphate and 1 mg sodium selenite) for 20 weeks. |
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Sex Olive Oil Female = 11 Male = 4 EPO/Zn/Se Female = 12 Male = 3 Age Olive Oil 83.4 ± 5.4 EPO/Zn/Se 78.7 ± 8.2 |
- | ASTR Olive Oil Pre: 100.4 ± 17.1 Post: 106.9 ± 19.0 EPO/Zn/Se Pre: 72.6 ± 28.8 Post: 87.5 ± 36.7 CPM Olive Oil Pre: 17.2 ± 6.2 Post: 18.4 ± 9.0 EPO/Zn/Se Pre: 12.2 ± 6.7 Post: 15.8 ± 8.6 GNT Olive Oil Pre: 9.4 ± 7.8 Post: 10.6 ± 8.5 EPO/Zn/Se Pre: 7.2 ± 5.2 Post: 9.8 ± 5.4 DCT Olive Oil Pre: 63.8 ± 14.9 Post: 69.8 ± 18.8 EPO/Zn/Se Pre: 61.2 ± 20.0 Post: 69.7 ± 22.2 CAMCOG Olive Oil Pre: 65.1 ± 17.3 Post: 67.8 ± 17.7 EPO/Zn/Se Pre: 62.50 ± 16.60 Post: 68.30 ± 17.70 |
| Cornelli [33] | United States | AD | Placebo: 500 mg of fructose and flavoring one ampoule/day for 24 weeks. Formula F: Formula F * containing 27.5 µg of Se one ampoule/day for 24 weeks. |
Randomized double-blind clinical trial | Sex Placebo Female = 15 Male = 10 Formula F Female = 14 Male = 9 Age Placebo 74 ± 4.9 Formula F 75 ± 4.2 |
- | MMSE Placebo Pre: 23.9 ± 1.0 Post: 24.2 ± 1.3 Formula F Pre: 23.2 ± 1.1 Post: 24.3 ± 1.4 |
| Scheltens et al. [34] | The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, United Kingdom and United States | AD | Control: 125 mL tetrapackages without actives once a day for 24 weeks. Active: 125 mL tetrapackages with Souvenaid ** containing 60 µg of Se once a day for 24 weeks. |
Randomized, double-blind, controlled, multicenter trial | Sex Control Female = 54 Male = 52 Active Female = 52 Male = 54 Age Control 73.3 ± 7.8 Active 74.1 ± 7.2 |
- | MMSE Control Pre: 24.0 ± 2.5 Post: 24.0 ± 3.4 Active Pre: 23.8 ± 2.7 Post: 24.1 ± 3.5 ADAS-Cog Control Pre: 25.5 ± 8.8 Post: 25.8 ± 7.8 Active Pre: 25.9 ± 7.6 Post: 25.9 ± 7.7 |
| Scheltens et al. [35] | The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Italy, and France | AD | Control: 125 mL tetrapackages without actives once a day for 24 weeks. Active: 125 mL tetrapackages with Souvenaid ** containing 60 µg of Se once a day for 24 weeks. |
Randomized, controlled, double-blind, parallel-group trial | Sex Control Female = 65 Male = 64 Active Female = 62 Male = 68 Age Control 73.2 ± 8.4 Active 74.4 ± 6.9 |
- | NTB Control Pre: 0.1 ± 0.1 Post: 0.1 ± 0.5 Active Pre: 0.1 ± 0.8 Post: 0.2 ± 0.4 ADAS-Cog Control Pre: 1.2 ± 1.5 Post: 1.4 ± 1.4 Active Pre: 1.6 ± 1.7 Post: 1.7 ± 1.6 |
| Shah et al. [36] | United States | AD | Control: 125 mL tetrapackages without actives once a day for 24 weeks. Active: 125 mL tetrapackages with Souvenaid ** containing 60 µg of Se once a day for 24 weeks. |
Randomized, double-blind clinical trial | Sex Control Female = 135 Male = 127 Active Female = 139 Male = 126 Age Control 76.9 ± 8.2 Active 76.6 ± 8.2 |
- | ADAS-Cog Control Pre: 23.4 ± 9.3 Post: 24.4 ± 10.9 Active Pre: 23.9 ± 9.6 Post: 25.4 ± 11.6 |
| Rijpma et al. [37] | The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, United Kingdom and United States | AD | Control: 125 mL tetrapackages without actives once a day for 24 weeks. Active: 125 mL tetrapackages with Souvenaid ** containing 60 µg of Se once a day for 24 weeks. |
Randomized double-blind, multicenter, controlled trial | Sex Control Female = 54 Male = 52 Active Female = 52 Male = 54 Age Control 73.3 ± 7.8 Active 74.1 ± 7.2 |
Plasma Control Pre: 86.8 Post: 78.9 Active Pre: 86.8 Post: 102.6 |
- |
| Rijpma et al. [37] | The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Italy, and France | AD | Control: 125 mL tetrapackages without actives once a day for 24 weeks. Active: 125 mL tetrapackages with Souvenaid ** containing 60 µg of Se once a day for 24 weeks. |
Randomized double-blind, multicenter, controlled trial | Sex Control Female = 65 Male = 64 Active Female = 62 Male = 68 Age Control 73.2 ± 8.4 Active 74.4 ± 6.9 |
Plasma Control Pre: 86.8 Post: 86.8 Active Pre: 86.8 Post: 110.5 |
- |
| Tamtaji et al. [12] | Iran | AD | Placebo: placebo (starch) for 12 weeks. Selenium: 200 mg of Se plus probiotic *** every day for 12 weeks. |
Randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial | Sex Uninformed Age Placebo 78.5 ± 8.0 Probiotic plus selenium 76.2 ± 8.1 |
- | MMSE Placebo Pre: 9.3 ± 4.1 Post: 9.1 ± 4.4 Selenium plus probiotic Pre: 9.4 ± 3.5 Post:10.9 ± 3.8 |
EPO/Zn/Se: primrose oil, zinc sulphate and sodium selenite; ASTR: Anomalous Sentences Repetition Test; CPM: Colored Progressive Matrices; DCT: Digit Copying Test; GNT: Graded Naming Test; CAMCOG: Cambridge Cognitive Examination; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; ADAS-Cog: Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale; and NTB: Neuropsychological Test Battery. * Formula F contain: 100 mg Carnosine, 1.4 mg Thiamine (B1), 1.6 mg Riboflavin (B2), 18 mg Nicotinamide (B3), 2 mg Pyridoxine (B6), 200 μg Folic acid (B9), 1 μg Cyanocobalamin (B12), 30 mg Vitamin C, 20 mg Vitamin E, 10 mg Coenzyme Q10, 800 RE β -Carotene, 27.5 μg Selenium, 10 mg L-cysteine, and 25 mg Ginkgo biloba. ** Souvenaid contains: 300 mg Eicosapentaenoic acid, 1200 mg Docosahexaenoic acid, 106 mg Phospholipids, 400 mg Choline, 625 mg Uridine monophosphate, 40 mg Vitamin E, 80 mg Vitamin C, 60 μg Selenium, 3 mg Vitamin B12, 1 mg Vitamin B6, and 400 μg Folic acid. *** Probiotic contains: 2 × 109 CFU of L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, and B. longum.