Table 4.
Clinical studies in metabolic syndrome assessing the efficacy of MD components on mitochondria.
| Authors | Year | Sample Size | Gender M/F (Age) |
Participants | Format, Dose | Duration of Study | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anderson et al. [268] | 2014 | 24 | 16/8 (63.1 ± 8.4; 65.8 ±9.9) |
Elective cardiac surgery for patients | Oral consumption of EPA and DHA capsule, 3.4 g/day |
2–3 weeks | ↑ PPARγ ↑ Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation ↑ TxnRd2 enzyme |
| Capo et al. [270] | 2014 | 15 | 15/0 (20.4 ± 0.5) |
Exercise-induced oxidative stress | Beverage enriched with DHA | 2 months | ↑ Antioxidant activity ↓ ROS production ↑ DHA |
| Yoshino et al. [269] | 2016 | 20 | 60 to 85 | Large hypertrophic response | Consumption of 4 pills (1.86g EPA+ 1.50 g DHA) | 6 months | ↑ Respiratory electron transport activity ↑ Oxidative phosphorylation ↑ ECM organization ↑ UCP3 and UQCRC1 |
| Most et al. [273] | 2016 | 38 | 18/20 (38 ± 2) | Subjects with obesity | Consumption of 282 mg EGCG + 80 mg RES | 12 weeks | ↑ Complexes III and V ↑ Citric acid cycle ↑ Respiratory electron-transport chain ↑ Fat oxidation |
| Joy et al. [274] | 2016 | 25 | 25/0 (28 ± 5) | Resistance-trained subjects | Consumption of 150 mg (ancient peat and apple extract (TRT)) | 12 weeks | ↑ Mitochondrial ATP production ↓ ROS ↓ Oxidative stress |
| Pollack et al. [272] | 2017 | 30 | 19/11 (67 ± 7) |
Older glucose-intolerant patients | Treated with 2−3 g Resveratrol/day | 6 weeks | ↑ Mitochondrial number ↑ Oxidative phosphorylation ↑ ENDOG ↑ P GC1α |
| Samara et al. [267] | 2018 | 60 | 18–75 years | Patients with NASH | Oral consumption of n − 3 PUFA capsules, 0.945 g/day | 6 months | ↑ ALA, EPA, glycerophospholipids ↓ Arachidonic acid ↑ FABPL ↑ PRDX6 ↓ PGRMC1 ↑ PEBP1, ApoJ ↑ FASTKD2 |
| de Ligt et al. [271] | 2018 | 13 | 13/0 (59.2 to 67.6) |
Patients with overweight/T2DM | Consumption of 150 mg Resveratrol/day | 6 months | ↑ State 3 respiration ↓ Complex IV ↑ Mitochondrial function |
Abbreviations: ALA: alpha-linolenic acid, EPA: eicosapenteanoic acid, FABPL: fatty acid binding protein—liver type, PRDX6: peroxiredoxin 6, PEBP1: phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1, ApoJ: apolipoprotein J, FASTKD2: FAST kinase domain-containing protein 2, PGRMC1: progesterone receptor membrane component 1 protein, DHA: doxosahexaenoic acid, ECM: extracellular matrix, UCP3: l uncoupling protein 3, UQCRC1: ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase, EGCG: epigallocatechin-3-gallate, RES: resveratrol, ENDOG: endonuclease G, ↑: increased, ↓: decreased.