Table 2.
Comparison of antioxidant intake from food and supplements between CVD and non-CVD participants according to sex and overall.
| Variables | Men 1 | p | Women 1 | p | Total 2 | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVD | Non-CVD | CVD | Non-CVD | CVD | Non-CVD | ||||
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | |||||||
| DTAC [mmol/d] | 11.06 (10.35–11.77) | 12.69 (12.36–13.02) | <0.0001 | 12.15 (11.55–12.74) | 12.29 (12.00–12.58) | 0.6776 | 11.70 (11.24–12.15) | 12.47 (12.25–12.69) | 0.0033 |
| DTAC/1000 kcal | 5.42 (5.09–5.75) | 5.81 (5.66–5.97) | 0.0388 | 8.18 (7.77–8.59) | 7.78 (7.58–7.98) | 0.0931 | 6.86 (6.59–7.13) | 6.79 (6.66–6.92) | 0.6511 |
| DTPI [mg/d] | 1948 (1858–2037) | 2101 (2060–2143) | 0.0029 | 1935 (1866–2004) | 2000 (1967–2034) | 0.1046 | 1947 (1892–2002) | 2050 (2023–2076) | 0.0013 |
| DTPI/1000 kcal | 945 (905–986) | 954 (936–973) | 0.7086 | 1298 (1249–1347) | 1255 (1232–1279) | 0.1302 | 1126 (1094–1159) | 1104 (1088–1120) | 0.2346 |
| Vitamin C [mg/d] | 85.9 (78.2–93.7) | 87.9 (84.3–91.5) | 0.6611 | 92.2 (84.1–100.3) | 96.1 (92.2–100.1) | 0.4020 | 88.9 (83.2–94.6) | 92.0 (89.3–94.7) | 0.3437 |
| Vitamin C/1000 kcal | 43.5 (39.5–47.4) | 40.5 (38.6–42.3) | 0.1851 | 63.5 (57.5–69.4) | 61.2 (58.3–64.1) | 0.5097 | 53.5 (49.7–57.3) | 50.8 (49.0–52.6) | 0.2218 |
| Vitamin E [mg/d] | 12.38 (11.60–13.16) | 12.67 (12.30–13.03) | 0.5262 | 10.47 (9.28–11.65) | 11.11 (10.54–11.69) | 0.3495 | 11.38 (10.63–12.13) | 11.90 (11.54–12.25) | 0.2366 |
| Vitamin E/1000 kcal | 5.71 (5.38–6.04) | 5.52 (5.36–5.67) | 0.3043 | 6.82 (5.90–7.74) | 6.86 (6.41–7.31) | 0.9438 | 6.25 (5.71–6.79) | 6.19 (5.93–6.45) | 0.8444 |
| β-Carotene [μg/d] | 2980 (2685–3275) | 2972 (2836–3109) | 0.9652 | 3210 (2936–3484) | 2923 (2789–3056) | 0.0716 | 3109 (2908–3310) | 2944 (2848–3041) | 0.1577 |
| β-Carotene/1000 kcal | 1601 (1443–1759) | 1396 (1322–1469) | 0.0246 | 2135 (1933–2337) | 1927 (1829–2025) | 0.0764 | 1870 (1737–2003) | 1661 (1597–1725) | 0.0067 |
| Zinc [mg/d] | 11.34 (10.86–11.82) | 11.62 (11.40–11.85) | 0.3089 | 8.26 (7.91–8.61) | 8.64 (8.47–8.81) | 0.0570 | 9.78 (9.49–10.07) | 10.13 (10.00–10.27) | 0.0326 |
| Zinc/1000 kcal | 5.28 (5.12–5.44) | 5.10 (5.03–5.18) | 0.0506 | 5.39 (5.19–5.59) | 5.29 (5.19–5.39) | 0.4099 | 5.33 (5.20–5.46) | 5.20 (5.13–5.26) | 0.0809 |
| Iron [mg/d] | 11.99 (11.40–12.57) | 12.70 (12.43–12.97) | 0.0348 | 10.05 (9.38–10.71) | 10.41 (10.09–10.73) | 0.3369 | 11.03 (10.58–11.48) | 11.55 (11.33–11.77) | 0.0480 |
| Iron/1000 kcal | 5.61 (5.40–5.82) | 5.59 (5.49–5.69) | 0.8788 | 6.55 (6.16–6.93) | 6.35 (6.16–6.53) | 0.3675 | 6.10 (5.86–6.33) | 5.96 (5.85–6.08) | 0.3302 |
| Manganese [mg/d] | 4.75 (4.53–4.96) | 4.66 (4.56–4.76) | 0.4996 | 3.90 (3.74–4.06) | 4.06 (3.98–4.14) | 0.0842 | 4.31 (4.18–4.44) | 4.36 (4.30–4.43) | 0.4498 |
| Manganese/1000 kcal | 2.31 (2.21–2.41) | 2.14 (2.09–2.18) | 0.0032 | 2.65 (2.54–2.76) | 2.56 (2.51–2.62) | 0.1539 | 2.48 (2.40–2.55) | 2.35 (2.32–2.39) | 0.0038 |
| Copper [mg/d] | 1.21 (1.15–1.26) | 1.27 (1.24–1.29) | 0.0429 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | 0.0873 | 1.12 (1.08–1.15) | 1.17 (1.15–1.18) | 0.0076 |
| Copper/1000 kcal | 0.568 (0.549–0.587) | 0.562 (0.553–0.571) | 0.5883 | 0.675 (0.650–0.700) | 0.656 (0.644–0.668) | 0.1971 | 0.623 (0.606–0.639) | 0.609 (0.601–0.617) | 0.1450 |
1—Adjusted for age; 2—adjusted for sex and age; DTAC—dietary total antioxidant capacity; DTPI—dietary total polyphenol intake; CVD—cardiovascular disease; CI—confidence interval. The general linear model was applied to identify differences in all variables between adjusted means of CVD and non-CVD subgroups.