Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population at baseline.
| Characteristics | Total | Underweight | Normal | Overweight | Obese | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 4792 | 888 | 2658 | 929 | 317 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) * | 22.02 ± 4.46 | 16.98 ± 1.28 | 21.20 ± 1.52 | 25.58 ± 1.12 | 32.53 ± 6.94 | <0.001 |
| PDI score * | 48.71 ± 6.05 | 47.02 ± 6.34 | 48.69 ± 6.02 | 49.90 ± 5.43 | 50.12 ± 5.98 | <0.001 |
| hPDI score * | 54.09 ± 5.38 | 52.56 ± 5.49 | 54.06 ± 5.40 | 55.32 ± 4.83 | 55.07 ± 5.31 | <0.001 |
| uPDI score * | 42.78 ± 6.65 | 44.43 ± 6.53 | 42.87 ± 6.55 | 41.50 ± 6.58 | 41.18 ± 6.95 | <0.001 |
| Age, years * | 80.70 ± 9.58 | 84.38 ± 9.87 | 80.71 ± 9.49 | 78.11 ± 8.76 | 77.91 ± 8.37 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male ** | 2425 (50.61) | 390 (43.92) | 1447 (54.44) | 466 (50.16) | 122 (38.49) | <0.001 |
| Residence ** | <0.001 | |||||
| City | 782 (16.32) | 78 (8.78) | 400 (15.05) | 224 (24.11) | 80 (25.24) | |
| Town | 1517 (31.66) | 261 (29.39) | 861 (32.39) | 287 (30.89) | 108 (34.07) | |
| Rural | 2493 (52.02) | 549 (61.82) | 1397 (52.56) | 418 (44.99) | 129 (40.69) | |
| Illiterate ** | 2339 (48.81) | 508 (57.21) | 1280 (48.16) | 406 (43.70) | 145 (45.74) | <0.001 |
| Financial independence ** | 1157 (24.14) | 114 (12.84) | 595 (22.39) | 324 (34.88) | 124 (39.12) | <0.001 |
| With regular exercise ** | 1997 (41.67) | 301 (33.90) | 1090 (41.01) | 439 (47.26) | 147 (46.37) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status ** | <0.001 | |||||
| Never smoker | 2972 (62.02) | 560 (63.06) | 1571 (59.10) | 604 (65.02) | 237 (74.76) | |
| Former smoker | 772 (16.11) | 122 (13.74) | 460 (17.31) | 153 (16.47) | 37 (11.67) | |
| Current smoker | 1048 (21.87) | 206 (23.20) | 627 (23.59) | 172 (18.51) | 43 (13.56) | |
| Alcohol consumption ** | <0.001 | |||||
| Never drinker | 3133 (65.38) | 612 (68.92) | 1676 (63.05) | 616 (66.31) | 229 (72.24) | |
| Former drinker | 681 (14.21) | 97 (10.92) | 403 (15.16) | 134 (14.42) | 47 (14.83) | |
| Current drinker | 978 (20.41) | 179 (20.16) | 579 (21.78) | 179 (19.27) | 41 (12.93) | |
| Occupation ** | 0.156 | |||||
| Professional and technical personnel | 201 (4.19) | 18 (2.03) | 111 (4.18) | 55 (5.92) | 17 (5.36) | |
| Governmental, institutional, or managerial personnel | 165 (3.44) | 13 (1.46) | 78 (2.93) | 52 (5.60) | 22 (6.94) | |
| Commercial, service, or industrial worker | 578 (12.06) | 56 (6.31) | 300 (11.29) | 161 (17.33) | 61 (19.24) | |
| Self-employed | 81 (1.69) | 12 (1.35) | 42 (1.58) | 22 (2.37) | 5 (1.58) | |
| Agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry, or fishery worker | 2972 (62.02) | 638 (71.85) | 1692 (63.66) | 482 (51.88) | 160 (50.47) | |
| Houseworker | 213 (4.44) | 50 (5.63) | 101 (3.80) | 47 (5.06) | 15 (4.73) | |
| Military personnel | 32 (0.67) | 3 (0.34) | 22 (0.83) | 5 (0.54) | 2 (0.63) | |
| Never worked | 16 (0.33) | 2 (0.23) | 9 (0.34) | 3 (0.32) | 2 (0.63) | |
| Others | 534 (11.14) | 96 (10.81) | 303 (11.40) | 102 (10.98) | 33 (10.41) | |
| Disease score *** | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension ** | 1480 (30.88) | 177 (19.93) | 749 (28.18) | 394 (42.41) | 160 (50.47) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes ** | 230 (4.80) | 16 (1.80) | 95 (3.57) | 83 (8.93) | 36 (11.36) | <0.001 |
| Heart diseases ** | 332 (6.93) | 42 (4.73) | 174 (6.55) | 90 (9.69) | 26 (8.20) | <0.001 |
| Stroke ** | 342 (7.14) | 44 (4.95) | 44 (1.66) | 109 (11.73) | 189 (59.62) | 0.001 |
| Cancer ** | 27 (0.56) | 4 (0.45) | 13 (0.49) | 10 (1.08) | 0 (0.00) | 0.093 |
| Respiratory disease ** | 534 (11.14) | 124 (13.96) | 281 (10.57) | 90 (9.69) | 39 (12.30) | 0.008 |
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; PDI: plant-based diet index; hPDI: healthful plant-based diet index; uPDI: unhealthful plant-based diet index. *: mean (standard deviation) was reported; **: Number (%) was reported; ***: median (interquartile range) was reported.