Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | Participants (n = 35) |
|---|---|
| Men, n (%) | 20 (57) |
| Women, n (%) | 15 (43) |
| Age, years (SD) | 50.4 (10.5) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |
| Black British | 7 (20%) |
| White British | 7 (20%) |
| Caribbean | 6 (17.1%) |
| African (incl. Somali) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Other Black | 3 (8.6%) |
| Pakistani (incl. British) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Bangladeshi (incl. British) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Any other mixed | 2 (5.7%) |
| Irish | 2 (5.7%) |
| Bodyweight, kg (SD) | 100.3 (16.7) |
| BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 34.4 (4.4) |
| Waist circumference, cm (SD) | 113.2 (11.3) |
| Body fat % (SD) | 37.5 (8.6) |
| Duration of diabetes, years (SD) | 4.2 (3.6) |
| Number of diabetes medications, n (%) | |
| 0 | 8 (22.9) |
| 1 | 19 (54.3) |
| 2 | 6 (17.1) |
| ≥3 | 2 (5.7) |
| Type of treatment / diabetes medication, n (%) | |
| Diet only | 8 (22.9%) |
| Metformin | 26 (74.3%) |
| Sulfonylurea | 3 (8.6%) |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 2 (5.7%) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol (SD) | 65 (20.3) |
| HbA1c, % (SD) | 8 (1.9) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg (SD) | 133.6 (14.7) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg (SD) | 88.2 (9.5) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 18 (51.4%) |
| Number of antihypertensive medications, n (%) | |
| 0 | 14 (40.0%) |
| 1 | 13 (37.1%) |
| ≥2 | 8 (22.9%) |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 1 (3%) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 4.8 (1.5) |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 1.2 (0.4) |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 2.6 (1.1) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L (SD) | 2.1 (2.1) |
| Psychological wellbeing and binge eating scores (SD) | |
| Rosenberg | 21.3 (5.1) |
| DDS, mean | 2.3 (0.9) |
| PHQ9 | 5.3 (4.7) |
| GAD7 | 3.7 (4.3) |
| WAS | 6.3 (6.6) |
| BES | 9.3 (5.8) |
Data are in n (%), mean (SD). %, percentage; n, number; BMI, body mass index, HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; kg/m2, kilograms per metre squared, kg, kilograms; DDS = Diabetes Distress Score. PHQ9 = Patient Health Questionnaire. GAD7 = Generalised Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire. WAS = Work and Social Adjustment Scale. BES = Binge Eating Scale; mmol/L, millimoles per litre. HDL, high-density lipoproteins, LDL, low-density lipoproteins; SGLT2, Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2.