Table 1.

Herbal drugs along with their mechanisms in the management of Alzheimer’s disease.

Name of the Plant	Target of Action	Remarks	Ref.
Piper nigrum (Black Pepper)	AchE, CRP, NF-ĸB	Increased levels of Ach in brain Decreased levels of serum inflammatory cytokines in brain Prevents neuroinflammation and promotes cholinergic neurotransmission	[35]
Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel)	AchE	Decreases the activation of AchE enzyme in brain Prevention of amnesia	[36]
Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi)	AchE	Decreases the activation of AchE enzyme in cortex, medulla, cerebellum and mid-regions of the brain Prevention of cognitive behaviour	[37]
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lavender)	AChE, Matrix metalloproteinase, ROS	Decreases the activation of AchE enzyme in brain Increased antioxidant activity Decreased production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide Overall improvement in cognitive behaviour	[38]
Olea europaea (Olive)	MDA, NO, COX-2	Decreases the production of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide Minimizes oxidative stress	[39]
Camellia sinensis (Green tea)	AChE, COX	Improved cholinergic functions	[40]
Ajmalicine	BACE-1	Inhibits the activity of BACE-1 enzyme by binding to its catalytic site	[41]
Berberine	BACE-1	Inhibits the activity of BACE-1 enzyme non-competitively by binding to methylenedioxy group at the D ring of the enzyme	[42]
Gallic acid	BACE-1	Improved learning and memory Amelioration of cerebral amyloidosis	[43]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	α-synuclein	Inhibits the aggregation of α-synuclein protein and prevents further accumulation of Aβ-plaque	[44]
Hypericum afrum	MAO A and MAO B	Decreased production of amyloid plaques	[45]
Cytisusvillosus	MAO A and MAO B	Enhancement of dopaminergic neurotransmission	[45]
Curcuma longa	MAO A and MAO B	Strong MAO inhibition and thus prevention of further deterioration of the disease	[46]