Table 1.
Modeling of the Food Clusters: 14 Basic Nutrition and Consumption Clusters with 3 Umbrella-Preparation Clusters.
| Basic Food Clusters | ||
| Cluster 1 | Grains | |
| a-grains | cornflakes; white bread; white pasta | |
| b-whole grains | muesli; wholegrain; mixed bread; wholegrain pasta; wholegrain rice; other grains | |
| Cluster 2 | Legumes, nuts, and pulses | pulses; nuts and seeds; legumes |
| Cluster 3 | Fruit and vegetables | vegetable juice; fruit; vegetables |
| Cluster 4 | Dairy products | milk; cheese; yoghurt |
| Cluster 5 | Dairy alternatives | milk alternatives |
| Cluster 6 | Meat | |
| a-meat | chicken; beef; pork; deer | |
| b-processed meat | fried nuggets; hamburger; sausage; kebab; pork; processed meat | |
| Cluster 7 | Meat alternatives | tofu; seitan; tempeh; etc. |
| Cluster 8 | Fish, shellfish, and seafood | |
| Cluster 9 | Eggs | |
| Cluster 10 | Oils and spreads | butter; margarine; oils |
| Cluster 11 | Sweets and snacks | sweets; snacks; salty snacks |
| Cluster 12 | Water and unsweetened tea | |
| Cluster 13 | Beverages | |
| Cluster 14 | Alcohol | |
| Preparation/Umbrella Clusters | ||
| Cluster 15 | Protein | |
| a-plant protein | legumes and beans; vegetables; grains (couscous, quinoa); dairy alternatives (e.g., soy products); meat alternatives | |
| b-animal protein | dairy products; eggs; meat and processed meat products; fish, seafood, and shellfish | |
| Cluster 16 | (Ultra-)processed foodsand free/added sugar | sugary carbonated drinks; kcal reduced/artificially sweetened drinks; fruit juice; free sugar in tea; free sugar in coffee; cereals; sweet and savory spreads; margarine; pasta; sweets, cakes, and biscuits; salty snacks, butter; processed meat; processed plant products |
| Cluster 17 | Free/added sugar | Sweet spread; sugary carbonated drinks; fruit juice; free sugar in tea; free sugar in coffee; cereals; sweets, cakes, and biscuits |