Table 4.
Differences between vegan and non-vegan runners in food frequency clusters and items.
| Omnivorous n = 95 | Vegetarian n = 40 | Vegan n = 76 | Statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part A—Basic Clusters | ||||
| FC — 1: Total of grains | 18.72 ± 9.18 | 19.63 ± 7.29 | 16.77 ± 8.38 | F(2, 208) = 2.00; p = 0.138 |
| FC — 1 a (Total of refined grains) | 14.09 ± 9.68 | 13.88 ± 8.23 | 9.39 ± 8.34 | F(2, 208) = 7.21; p = 0.001 |
| Cornflakes | 2.04 ± 5.21 | 0.60 ± 2.27 | 1.39 ± 3.53 | F(2, 208) = 2.53; p = 0.082 |
| White bread | 8.61 ± 8.59 | 10.05 ± 7.95 | 5.87 ± 6.66 | F(2, 208) = 5.07; p = 0.007 |
| White pasta | 12.59 ± 8.98 | 12.25 ± 9.87 | 8.24 ± 8.61 | F(2, 208) = 5.97; p = 0.003 |
| FC — 1 b (Total of whole grains) | 18.81 ± 9.59 | 20.62 ± 8.13 | 20.07 ± 9.32 | F(2, 208) = 1.11; p = 0.332 |
| Muesli | 15.45 ± 12.68 | 16.26 ± 13.26 | 18.05 ± 13.74 | F(2, 206) = 0.69; p = 0.504 |
| Whole grain bread | 16.79 ± 9.21 | 19.60 ± 10.21 | 14.20 ± 8.05 | F(2, 208) = 4.48; p = 0.012 |
| Whole grain pasta | 8.44 ± 8.32 | 8.90 ± 7.96 | 12.97 ± 8.89 | F(2, 208) = 6.72; p = 0.001 |
| Whole grain rice | 6.36 ± 7.48 | 6.60 ± 7.32 | 8.53 ± 7.47 | F(2, 208) = 2.36; p = 0.097 |
| Other whole grains | 8.61 ± 8.59 | 10.05 ± 7.95 | 5.87 ± 6.66 | F(2, 208) = 5.07; p = 0.007 |
| FC — 2: Total of beans and seeds | 20.76 ± 12.34 | 27.55 ± 13.78 | 32.94 ± 13.21 | F(2, 208) = 20.72; p < 0.001 |
| Nuts and seeds | 16.72 ± 13.02 | 19.85 ± 13.32 | 23.16 ± 12.94 | F(2, 208) = 5.55; p = 0.004 |
| Legumes | 11.16 ± 8.55 | 17.15 ± 9.62 | 21.08 ± 11.06 | F(2, 208) = 29.26; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 3: Total of fruit and vegetables | 25.71 ± 11.91 | 28.46 ± 10.32 | 38.94 ± 11.66 | F(2, 208) = 30.9; p < 0.001 |
| Vegetable juice | 4.59 ± 9.87 | 2.77 ± 6.04 | 8.28 ± 12.53 | F(2, 208) = 6.25; p = 0.002 |
| Fruit | 17.09 ± 8.03 | 20.30 ± 10.81 | 21.18 ± 8.88 | F(2, 208) = 5.67; p = 0.004 |
| Vegetables | 26.45 ± 11.79 | 30.23 ± 9.69 | 38.38 ± 10.93 | F(2, 208) = 27.54; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 4: Total of dairy | 18.33 ± 9.34 | 10.06 ± 9.58 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 205.89; p < 0.001 |
| Milk | 16.08 ± 11.77 | 6.45 ± 9.63 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 118.17; p < 0.001 |
| Cheese | 13.38 ± 7.96) | 7.97 ± 6.76 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 163.04; p < 0.001 |
| Yoghurt | 13.00 ± 10.31 | 8.88 ± 10.96 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 83.21; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 5: Dairy alternatives | 9.68 ± 12.82 | 17.10 ± 14.77 | 23.89 ± 15.06 | F(2, 208) = 26.05; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 6: Total of meat | 18.10 ± 12.23 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 221.01; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 6a (Total of unprocessed meat) | 19.27 ± 13.02 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 188.11; p < 0.001 |
| Chicken | 7.79 ± 6.48 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 112.89; p < 0.001 |
| Beef and pork and deer | 16.18 ± 12.12 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 163.15; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 6b (Total of processed meat) | 14.98 ± 11.89 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 178.73; p < 0.001 |
| Fried nuggets | 4.17 ± 4.10 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 113.44; p < 0.001 |
| Hamburger | 2.13 ± 3.18 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 31.51; p < 0.001 |
| Sausage | 1.71 ± 3.22 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 20.30; p < 0.001 |
| Kebab | 1.92 ± 2.73 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 48.12; p < 0.001 |
| Other processed meat | 14.42 ± 13.36 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 112.8; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 7: Meat alternatives | 2.13 ± 3.91 | 8.17 ± 7.84 | 9.86 ± 6.02 | F(2, 208) = 62.14; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 8: Fish | 10.12 ± 5.61 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 411.81; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 9: Eggs | 14.32 ± 7.60 | 7.50 ± 7.40 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 194.67; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 10: Total of oils | 14.88 ± 13.56 | 14.73 ± 14.72 | 8.29 ± 9.82 | F(2, 208) = 5.55; p = 0.004 |
| Butter | 10.27 ± 12.83 | 7.20 ± 12.53 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 42.45; p < 0.001 |
| Margarine | 4.80 ± 8.66 | 7.60 ± 12.31 | 8.29 ± 9.82 | F(2, 208) = 6.79; p = 0.001 |
| Other oils | 7.25 ± 6.86 | 7.30 ± 7.42 | 4.14 ± 4.91 | F(2, 208) = 4.56; p = 0.012 |
| FC — 11: Total of snacks | 11.31 ± 7.40 | 10.97 ± 7.22 | 9.73 ± 6.76 | F(2, 208) = 0.88; p = 0.418 |
| Sweet snacks | 10.99 ± 6.25 | 10.58 ± 6.72 | 8.70 ± 6.74 | F(2, 208) = 3.56; p = 0.030 |
| Salty snacks | 6.39 ± 7.50 | 6.15 ± 8.29 | 6.13 ± 6.19 | F(2, 206) = 0.21; p = 0.808 |
| FC — 12: Total of water | 32.16 ± 19.75 | 38.59 ± 23.70 | 37.46 ± 20.77 | F(2, 208) = 1.86; p = 0.159 |
| Water | 57.83 ± 27.05 | 63.20 ± 28.05 | 59.53 ± 28.16 | F(2, 208) = 0.55; p = 0.576 |
| Unsweetened tea | 18.34 ± 14.91 | 23.00 ± 20.99 | 24.91 ± 16.09 | F(2, 208) = 4.67; p = 0.010 |
| FC — 13: Beverages | 13.72 ± 4.83 | 13.92 ± 4.77 | 13.99 ± 5.28 | F(2, 208) = 0.04; p = 0.961 |
| FC — 14: Alcohol | 4.87 ± 5.46 | 2.50 ± 3.66 | 2.97 ± 4.09 | F(2, 208) = 5.78; p = 0.004 |
| Part B—Umbrella Clusters | ||||
| FC — 15: Total of protein | 39.78 ± 14.25 | 31.39 ± 14.12 | 42.56 ± 12.33 | F(2, 208) = 8.12; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 15a—Plant protein | 24.50 ± 12.47 | 35.26 ± 11.56 | 42.56 ± 12.33 | F(2, 208) = 48.77; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 15b—Animal protein | 29.04 ± 9.34 | 11.89 ± 9.35 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | F(2, 208) = 422.88; p < 0.001 |
| FC — 16: Processed foods and free/added sugar | 27.89 ± 14.08 | 27.82 ± 17.57 | 23.37 ± 12.48 | F(2, 208) = 1.80; p = 0.168 |
| FC — 17: Free/added sugar | 14.01 ± 9.24 | 16.16 ± 12.53 | 14.83 ± 9.04 | F(2, 208) = 0.41; p = 0.663 |
Data are presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation. FC—food clusters. Statistical methods: Kruskal–Wallis tests (F-values) and Chi-square tests (χ2).