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. 2022 Jul 30;12(15):2635. doi: 10.3390/nano12152635

Table 1.

Results of the action of aluminum oxide nanoparticles on the microbial growth reported in the literature.

№ Synthesis Method Composition Size, nm and Method Shape Concentration Medium, Conditions Type of Organism Bio. Effect Reference
1 Microwave assisted synthesis using Prunus × yedoensis leaf extract (PYLE) for recovery Al2O3, different pH 50–100 (FE-SEM) Sph, hexag 50, 75, 100 μg/mL NA, 37 °C, 24 h S. aureus, E. coli BS [19]
2 Commercially available product by Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA; CAS Number 1344-28-1). Al2O3 <50 (Supplier’s data) 39
(SEM)		 Sph 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192 mg/L - Scenedesmus sp.,
Chlorella sp.		 AS [57]
3 Chemical precipitation using algae extract L. majucula Al2O3 36.42
(SEM)		 Sph - 30 ± 2 °C, 24–48 h for bacteria;
37 ± 2 °C, 72–96 h for fungi		 S. aureus, B. subtilis, K. pneumoniae, S. paratyphi, C. albicans u A. flavus BS, FS [40]
4 Microwave heating using mushroom extract Colletotrichum sp. Al2O3 39 ± 35
(NTA)		 Sph MIC: 400 ± 1.08 mg/mL for S. typhi;
300 ± 2.36 mg/mL for C. violaceum; 1000 ± 1.1 mg/mL for L. monocytogenes; 250 ± 0.65 mg/mL for A. flavus; 150 ± 2.77 mg/mL for F. oxysporum 		MHA, BHI, 37 °C, 24 h S. typhi, F. oxysporum, A. flavus, C. violaceum, L.monocytogenes BS [34]
5 Commercially available product by Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA; CAS Number 1344-28-1) Al2O3 ~180
(SEM, DLS)		 - 10–1000 μg/L LB, 30 °C E. coli BS [49]
6 Commercially available product by Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) Chitosan coated Al2O3- NPs films <50 (SEM) Sph 0.05, 0.1 g/mL MHB, 37 °C, 24 h S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, BS [45]
7 Microemulsion method Al2O3 30–60 (SEM) - MIC: 10 μg/mL - S. typhi, V. cholerae, K. pneumoniae BS [32]
8 Commercially available product by (Sigma-Aldrich) Al2O3 <50
(Supplier’s data)		 Sph 0.5 mg/L 26 °C, 16 h P. putida - [51]
9 Commercially available product by Aldrich (MERCK, Darmstadt, Germany) Al2O3 <100
(TEM)		 Rod, irregular, scaly 100 µg/mL TSB, 37 °C, 24 h E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans BS [54]
10 Commercially available product by Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA; CAS Number 1344-28-1) Al2O3 9–182
(HR-TEM, SEM)		 Sph 250, 500, 1000, 2000 μg/mL
MIC: 1700–3400 μg/mL		 LB, 37 °C, 16 h multidrug-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA, MSSA, MRCoNS) BS [52]
11 Co-precipitation Al2O3 35
(SEM)		 Irregular sph. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg/mL
MIC: 4 mg/mL for E. coli; 8 mg/mL for P. vulgaris; 6 mg/mL for S. mutans, 4 mg/mL for S. aureus 		NA, SY, BHI, 37 °C, 24 h S. aureus, S. mutans, E. coli, P. vulgaris BS [58]
12 Commercially available product (HiMedia Laboratories, India) Al2O3 13.5 ± 2.3
(TEM)		 Sph 0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/L NA, NB, 24 h P. aeruginosa, B. altitudinis BS [59]
13 Commercially available product by Shenzhen Crystal Material Chemical Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China) Al2O3 40
(SEM)		 - 0.05–2.0 g/L 30 °C, 24 h B. subtilis BC [60]
14 Solution combustion synthesis α-Al2O3 5–30
(HR-TEM, FE-SEM)		 flakes-like 5, 500 mg/50 mL; 1000 mg/150 mL 37 °C, 36 h K. aerogenes, E. coli, P. desmolyticum, S. aureus BS [36]
15 Microwave assisted synthesis using leaf extracts Cymbopogon citratus Al2O3 9–180 (HR-TEM);
50 (AFM)
34,5
(DLS)		 Sph 1600–3200 µg/mL MHA, 37 °C, 24 h multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa BC [38]
16 Commercially available product: γ- Al2O3 Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA);
α-Al2O3 Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd.		 α-Al2O3; γ- Al2O3 20–30 (α- Al2O3),
13 (γ- Al2O3) (Supplier’s data);
280 ± 13 (α- Al2O3), 256 ± 19 (γ- Al2O3) (DLS)		 - 0.05, 0.5, 1, 5, µg/mL 25 °C, 30 min B. licheniformis BS [56]
17 Commercially available product by: γ-Al2O3 Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) Al2O3 <50
(Supplier’s data);
51 ± 8,
87 ± 11,
20 ± 13 (NTA)		 - 1, 5, 10 g/L LB, 30 °C, 48 h for B. cereus; 37 °C for P. stutzeri B. cereus, P. stutzeri - [48]
18 “Green method” using leaf extract Cymbopogon citratus Al2O3 34.5 (XRD);
58.5
(HR-TEM)		 Sph 0–1500 µg/mL
MIC: 250–500 µg/mL for Candida spp;		 BHI, 28 °C, 48 h C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata;
fluconazole resistant C. albicans, C. dubliniensis;
fluconazole susceptible C. albicans, C. dubliniensis 		FS [42]
19 Commercially available product by Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA; CAS Number 1344-28-1) Al2O3 10–70 (TEM); 78 ± 9
(DLS)		 Sph 50, 500, 1000 µg/L - Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella sp. BS [61]
20 Commercially available product by Dr. Karl Martin of NovaCentrix, Austin, TX, USA (Product code: M1056, M1049-D; purity: >90%) Al2O3 30 & 40 (TEM) Sph 0.02, 0.04, 0.075, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/plate NB, 37 °C, 48 h S. typhimurium - [62]
21 Gas-phase condensation during laser evaporation of a solid target Al2O3 <10 (TEM) - 0–1 μg/mL LB, 37 °C, 24–120 h multi-drug resistant A. baumanii BS [53]
22 Commercially available product by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA; CAS Number 1344-28-1) Al2O3 <50 (Supplier’s data);
9–179 (TEM)		 Sph MIC: 1600–3200 μg /mL;
MBC: 3200–6400 μg /mL		 MHA, 37 °C, 24 h multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of E. coli BS, BC [50]
23 Sol–gel synthesis Chitosan/SiO2 nanocomposite with Al2O3 - Sph - 40 °C, 5 h S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, A. niger BS [44]
24 Chemical precipitation using Urtica dioica as a reducing agent Al2O3 10–13 (TEM) Sph 25, 50, 75 mg/mL PDM, 25 ± 2 °C, 48 h A. niger, M. piriformis FS [41]
25 Commercially available (Neutrino Co.) Al2O3 coated by chitosan 80 (Supplier’s data) - 0.025 mg/mL NB, 37 °C, 24 h S. aureus ATCC 6538 BS [46]
26 Chemical precipitation γ-irradiated polyaniline (PANI)/ Al2O3 NPs composite 17–19 (XDR) - 17 mg/mL MHA, 37 °C, 24 h E. coli, S. aureus BS [37]
27 Chemical synthesis PANI–Al2O3 NPs composite - - 5, 10 mg/mL NA, 37 °C, 24 h B. subtilis, E. coli BS [63]
28 Chemical synthesis, using aluminum waste Al2O3 15–50 (XRD) - - MHA, NB, 35 °C, 24–48 h E. coli, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, A. aquatilis, S. aureus, S. pneumonia, A. niger, A. flavus Penicillium sp. BS [64]
29 Commercially available product by:
Sigma-Aldrich, USA (TiO2), XIYA REAGENT(Al2O3)		 PLA/Al2O3
PLA/TiO2 -Al2O3 		21 (TiO2),
30
(Al2O3) (Supplier’s data)		 Sph - MHA, 37 °C, 24 h P. aeruginosa,
E. coli 		BS [47]
30 Laser ablation Al2O3 10–60
(SEM)		 Sph 25, 50, 75, 100 µg/mL MHA, 37 °C, 24 h E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus BS [28]
31 Commercially available product by Zhejiang Hongsheng Material Technology Co., China Al2O3 60 (Supplier’s data) Sph 20 mg/L TSA, 30 °C, 24 h B. subtilis, E. coli, P. fluorescens BS [65]
32 Ball milling method Al2O3 100–200 (SEM)
50–60 (XRD)		 Sph MIC: 100µg NA, 37 °C, 24 h B. cereus, B. subtilis, K. pneumoniea, V. cholerae BS [30]
33 Chemical precipitation γ-Al2O3 folic acidacid (FA) 23,5 (Al2O3) & 33 (FA-Al2O3) (TEM) Rod - - P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis BS [39]
34 - Al2O3–Ag composite 100–200 (TEM) Sph 1, 10, 30, and 50 wt.%. LB for E. coli, BHI for S. epidermidis, 37 °C E. coli, S. epidermidis BS [43]
35 Commercially available product (Degussa) Al2O3 11
(TEM)		 Sph 50, 100, 500 mg/L TSM, 29 °C, for C. metallidurans; LB, 37 °C for E. coli C. metallidurans, E. coli BC [66]
36 Laser ablation Al2O3 /borosiloxane composite 45
(DLS)		 Sph 0.001–0.1 w.% LB, 37 °C, 24 h E. coli BS [29]
37 Commercially available product by Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) Al2O3 50 (Supplier’s data, TEM) Rod 1000 mg/L YEPD, 30 °C, 10 h S. cerevisiae FS [67]

BC—bactericidal effect, BS—bacteriostatic effect, AS—algostatic effect, FS—fungistatic effect, Rod—rod-like, Sph—spherical, NA—Nutrient Agar, PDM—potato dextrose medium, MHA—Mueller Hinton Agar, NB—Nutrient broth, TSB—Tryptic soy broth, LB—lysogeny broth, TSM—Tris Salt Mineral medium, YEPD—yeast extract peptone dextrose, BHI—Brain heart infusion, PLA—polylactic acid, NTA—Nanoparticle tracking analysis, DLS—Dynamic light scattering, SEM—Scanning electron microscope, HR-TEM—High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, XRD—X-Ray diffraction analysis.