Table 1.

Articles that were selected for detailed analysis, following the eligibility criteria.

Reference (Database)	Type of Laser/LED (Manufacturer)	Wavelength (nm) and Output Power (mW)	Power Density (mW/cm2)	Energy Density (J/cm2)	Objective	Fibrin	Intervention	Outcome/Results	Conclusions
Bikmulina et al., 2020 [37] (PubMed)	LED light red and infrared (IR) (Original apparatus LDM-07)	Red: 633 IR: 840 and Red: 160 ± 20 IR: 320 ± 40	Red: 1.8 ± 0.2 IR: 3.6 ± 0.4	Red and IR: 2.2 ± 0.2	Evaluation of PBM therapy for cell stimulation in hydrogels	Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) obtained from human gingiva mucosa were encapsulated in fibrin (hydrogels)	A single exposure was made to low-intensity light, both red and infrared. After three days of culture, the physiological activity and viability of the cells were verified	The authors observed a dependence on cell viability in relation to the concentration of gel-forming proteins and the thickness of the hydrogels	Infrared light can be indicated for stimulation of MSCs proliferation and metabolism, in hydrogels with thicknesses of up to 3 mm
Tenore et al., 2020 [38] (PubMed)	Red and Infrared Gallium-Arsenide laser (GaAs) (Fisioline; Lumix® C.P.S. Dental Multidiodic laser)	Three wavelengths: 650, 810, 910 and G1: total power of 600 mW; G3 total power of 1100 mW	-/-	-/-	To evaluate the effect of three different protocols on the healing outcome in patients with established medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ)	Leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF)	G1 was treated with antibiotic therapy, surgery, L-PRF and PBM; G2 with antibiotic therapy and surgery; G3 with antibiotic and PBM	There was no significant association between MRONJ results and location, stage, duration of drug treatment, diabetes, smoking, corticosteroid therapy, underlying disease, sex, and chemotherapy history at three and six months	The combination of antibiotic therapy, L-PRF, surgery and PBM can effectively contribute to the treatment of MRONJ
Buchaim et al., 2015 [29] (PubMed)	Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide (GaAlAs) (Laserpulse IBRAMED®, Amparo, Brazil)	830 and 30	-/-	4	To analyze whether the fibrin adhesive allows, through end-to-side neurorrhaphy, the collateral growth of axons without an epineural window of the vagus nerve into a sural nerve graft and whether laser therapy contributes to the regeneration process	Fibrin glue derived from snake venom	Experimental Group (EG; n = 12 rats), sural nerve graft was coapted to the vagus nerve with fibrin glue; and experimental group laser (EGL; n = 12 rats), EG + LLLT and control group (CG; n = 8 rats), the intact sural nerve was collected	There was sprouting of axons from the vagus nerve into the autologous graft in the EG and EGL, and in the CG all of the dimensions measured were better, with a significant difference in relation to the EG and EGL, except for the area and thickness of the myelin sheath, which showed a significant difference only in relation to the EG	LLLT potentiates nerve regeneration and fibrin glue provided conditions for axonal regeneration in peripheral nerve injuries
de Oliveira Gonçalves et al., 2016 [39] (PubMed)	GaAlAs (Laserpulse IBRAMED®, Amparo, Brazil)	830 and 30	258.6	6	To evaluate the effects of LLLT on an autogenous bone graft integration process stabilized with a new heterologous fibrin sealant (NHFS)	Heterologous fibrin sealant	Autogenous bone graft from rat calvaria, removed from the right parietal bone, with a 5 mm osteotomy, was adhered on the left side with fibrin sealant; groups: autogenous Fibrin graft (AFG) and autogenous fibrin graft laser (AFGL), with the same procedures as the AFG, plus LLLT	The bone regeneration process was not complete, with new bone tissue partially integrating the graft into the recipient bed, with some areas of connective tissue. Morphometrically, minor interfaces occurred in the AFGL group, with significant differences in all analyzed periods	LLLT stimulated bone neoformation and improved the process of integration of autogenous bone graft
Buchaim et al., 2017 [40] (PubMed)	GaAlAs (Laserpulse IBRAMED®, Amparo, Brazil)	830 and 30	258.6	6.2	To analyze the efficacy of LLLT on quantitative, qualitative and functional aspects in the facial nerve regeneration	NHFS derived from snake venom	Suture experimental (SEG) and fibrin experimental (FEG) groups, the buccal branch of the facial nerve was sectioned, end-to-end epineural suture on the right side, and a NHFS on the left side; laser suture experimental (LSEG) and laser fibrin experimental (LFEG) groups, the same procedures as SEG and FEG with the addition of LLLT; control group (CG), facial nerve intact	LLLT resulted in a significant increase in the density and number of new axons. The LSEG and LFEG presented better scores in functional analysis in comparison with the SEG and FEG	Both repair techniques were effective in promoting axonal growth and LLLT improved these results, in addition to accelerating the functional recovery of whiskers
Rohringer et al., 2017 [41] (PubMed)	LED lamps were provided by Repuls Lichtmedizintechnik GmbH, Vienna, Austria	Pulsed LED light of either 475 nm (blue), 516 nm (green), 635 nm (red) or remained unstimulated (control)	Peak irradiance intensity of 80 mW/cm2 on all LED devices; average irradiance intensity of 40 mW/cm2	Dose 24 J/cm2 (daily)	To compare the effects of PBM using light-emitting diodes (LED) with different wavelengths on endothelial cells in vitro	3D fibrin matrices and fibrin gels	Migration and proliferation tests were performed in 2D and 3D. 3D fibrin gel co-culture model with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) was used to analyze early vasculogenic effects, continuous stimulation of LLLT, after one week of culture	Stimulation with green and red LED light increased 3D migration and proliferation of HUVEC. HUVEC also had greater potential for 2D migration with green light stimulation. Blue light was ineffective	Green light, in several parameters, has been shown to be more potent in stimulating endothelial cell migration and proliferation than red light
Priglinger et al., 2018 [42] (PubMed)	LED lamps were provided by Repuls Lichtmedizintechnik GmbH, Vienna, Austria	Pulsed LED light 475 nm (blue), 516 nm (green), 635 nm (red)	All LED devices had a peak irradiance intensity of 80 mW/cm2	Fluence of 24 J/cm2	To analyze the effects of green, blue and red light (RL) emitted by LEDs directly on freshly isolated SVF and analyzed cell phenotype, cell number, viability, ATP content, LDH cytotoxicity and proliferation, but also osteogenic, adipogenic and pro-angiogenic differentiation in vitro	3D fibrin matrices	Pulsed blue (475 nm), green (516 nm) and RL (635 nm) from LEDs applied on freshly isolated Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF)	LLLT increased, compared to untreated cells, the colony-forming unit fibroblast assay with RL. The frequency of colony forming cells was not affected. LLLT with green light and RL resulted in a better potential to form vascular tubes by SVF compared to untreated cells when grown in 3D fibrin matrices	LLLT has beneficial effects in relation to SVF cell proliferation and vascularization potential. LLLT may represent a good method for clinical practice in activating SVF cells
Pomini et al., 2019 [43] (PubMed)	GaAlAs (Laserpulse IBRAMED®, Amparo, Brazil)	830 and 30	258.6	6	In rat calvaria (critical size defect—CSD), to evaluate the scaffold formed by a fibrin sealant (FS) plus xenograft associated with PBM therapy	Tisseel Lyo® (Baxter Healthcare Ltd., Norfolk, UK)	CSD in calvaria, 36 rats: 4 groups: BC (n = 8), defect with blood clot; FSB (n = 10), FS and xenograft; BCPBMT (n = 8), blood clot and PBM; FSBPBMT (n = 10), FS, xenograft, and PBM	Bone neoformation was observed in all groups, limited to the defect margins. In the FSB group, new bone increased between periods (4.3 ± 0.46 to 6.01 ± 0.32), but with lower volume when compared to the FSBPBMT (5.6 ± 0.45 to 10.64 ± 0.97)	The biocomplex formed by the xenograft plus FS associated with the PBM therapy had a positive effect on the new bone formation
Hemaid et al., 2019 [44] (PubMed)	Diode Laser Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide (GaAlAs)	810 and 100	-/-	46.8	To observe and compare the combined use of LLLT (810 nm), PRF and NanoHA in the healing of induced intraosseous periodontal defects	Autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF)	Sixteen defects in rabbits divided in four groups: laser irradiated control (CL); Control non-treated (C); PRF + NanoHA graft treated group and laser irradiated (NanoHA-Graft + PRF + L)	NanoHA-Graft + PRF + L showed significantly higher bone density in relation to the other groups	The best form of treatment was the combined use of LLLT + PRF + NanoHA as it presented the best results in the formation of new bone
Sahin et al., 2020 [45] (PubMed)	Nd: YAG laser (Fotona, Ljubljana Slovenia)	1064 and 1250	-/-	-/-	To analyze the surgical procedures used to prevent the development of MRONJ after dentoalveolar surgery in patients who received bisphosphonates	Leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF)	Sixty-three surgeries were performed on forty-four patients taking bisphosphonate. Procedures: performed dentoalveolar surgical; antibiotics; fill the socket with L-PRF; LLLT (Nd: YAG laser)	There were no intercurrences until cure. Complete mucosal healing occurred in all patients within one month with no long-term failures	The surgical protocol demonstrates promising results for the protection of MRONJ after performing dentoalveolar surgeries
Thalaimalai et al., 2020 [46] (PubMed)	Diode laser	810 and 500	-/-	-/-	To evaluate the combined effect of LLLT and PRF, in site modulated intra-bony defects, which were accessed using a simplified papilla preservation flap (SPPF), on the periodontal disease	Autologous platelet-rich fibrin	Thirty patients with intra-bony defects (2 groups, n = 15 each). There was SPPF access at test group (TG) sites and defects received intramedullary penetration (IMP) after debridement, followed by LLLT and PRF grafting. In the control group (CG), the defects were accessed with SPPF and grafted only with PRF	TG showed a clinically relevant increase in mean probing pocket depth reduction, clinical attachment level gain, and radiographic bone fill compared to the CG, six months post-intervention	Together, LLLT with PRF caused an improvement in clinical and radiographic results within modulated intraosseous defects
Della Coletta et al., 2021 [47] (PubMed)	GaAlAs (Laserpulse IBRAMED®, Amparo, Brazil)	830 and 30	258.6	6.2	To evaluate the effects of PBM therapy on the guided bone regeneration process (GBR) in defects in the calvaria of rats filled with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) associated with fibrin	Fibrin biopolymer (FB)	Thirty Wistar rats: BMG, defects filled with biomaterial and covered by membrane; BFMG, biomaterial and fibrin biopolymer (FB) covered by membrane; and BFMLG, biomaterial and FB covered by membrane and biostimulated with PBM	There was more evident bone growth in the BFMLG, in addition to a progressive increase in new bone tissue in all groups, with a significant difference in the BFMLG, whose group presented greater bone neoformation in the periods of 14 and 42 days, followed by BFMG and BMG	PBM has been shown to be effective in improving and accelerating the GBR process when associated with BCP and FB
Sahin et al., 2021 [48] (PubMed)	Nd: YAG laser (Fotona, Ljubljana Slovenia)	1064 and 1250	-/-	-/-	To analyze the surgical technique described in the treatment of advanced stages of MRONJ patients	Autologous L-PRF concentrate	Twnty-one patients affected by Stage 2-3 MRONJ were treated with ultrasonic piezoelectric for bone surgery, with necrotic bone removing, L-PRF and LLLT	Two patients, who were Stage 3, had delayed healing at 1 month after surgery. Complete mucosal healing occurred in all patients in the third month	The surgical protocol shows promising results for surgical management of advanced stages of MRONJ patients
de Freitas Dutra Júnior et al., 2021 [49] PubMed	Indium-Gallium-Aluminum-Phosphide laser (InGaAlP) (MMOptics®, São Carlos, Brazil)	660 and 40	1000	6	To verify, in tendon injuries, the action of the new heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HFB) associated or not with PBM	Heterologous fibrin biopolymer	Partial transection calcaneus tendon (PTCT) was performed in 84 rats divided into 4 groups: control (CG); HFB; PBM; HFB + PBM. HFB was applied immediately after PTCT, while PBM started 24 h after injury and continued every 24 h for 7, 14 and 21 days.	It can be noted that the reduction of edema was effective in the treatment groups when compared to the CG. In the periods of 14 and 21 days, PBM had a better repair process compared to GC	The HFB and PBM treatments, associated or isolated, promoted a reduction in the edema volume, favoring the repair process. HFB alone contributed more in promoting the tendon repair process
Buchaim et al., 2022 [50] (PubMed)	GaAlAs (Laserpulse IBRAMED®, Amparo, Brazil)	830 and 30	258.6	6.2	To analyze the effects of PBM on CSD filled with xenogenic bone substitute associated with HFB	Heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HFB)	CSD in 36 Wistar rats, four groups: BC and BC-PBM (controls) with defects filled by a clot (without or with PBM); XS and XS-PBM, filled with biocomplex Bio-Oss® + HFB. PBM was applied transoperatively and continued three times a week	BC-PBM and XS-PBM had a higher density of the bone neoformation in relation to the groups without PBM. Significant vascular proliferation and new bone deposition around the XS particles were observed in the animals which biocomplex (XS and XS-PBM)	PBM allowed an improvement in none neoformation, with a more organized deposition of collagen fibers. Biocomplex favored the permanence and insertion of the particulate biomaterial in bone defect
Rosso et al., 2017 [51] (PubMed)	GaAlAs (Laserpulse IBRAMED®, Amparo, Brazil)	830 and 30	260	6.2	To evaluate the action of PBM on lesions of the facial nerve repaired with the end-to-side technique or coaptation with a NHFS	New Heterologous Fibrin Sealant	Thirty-two rats, five groups: control (CG); experimental suture (ESG) and experimental fibrin (EFG) groups, end-to-side sutured to the zygomatic branch on the right side of the face or NHFS on the left side; experimental suture laser (ESLG) and experimental fibrin laser (EFLG) groups, with PBM	There was a significant difference in the fiber nerve area between the EFG and the EFLG. There was also faster functional recovery of the whisker movement in the ESLG and EFLG, where PBM was used, with results closer to the CG	Photobiomodulation with LLLT accelerated functional and morphological nerve repair, in both techniques
Rosso et al., 2020 [52] (PubMed)	GaAlAs (Laserpulse IBRAMED®, Amparo, Brazil)	830 and 30	258.6	6	To evaluate the action of PBM on rat tibial defect filled with biomaterial of the lyophilized bovine bone matrix (BM) associated or not with HFB	Heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HFB)	Thirty rats, three groups. A noncritical bone defect of 2 mm was produced. Four Groups: (1) BM + PBMT; (2) BM + HFB; (3): BM + HFB + PBM. In Groups 1 and 3 the animals were submitted to intraoperative PBM and every 48 h until the period of euthanasia	Statistical difference in bone neoformation between Groups 3 and 2 (26.4% ± 1.03% and 20.0% ± 1.87%, respectively) at 14 days and 42 days (38.2% ± 1.59% and 31.6% ± 1.33%, respectively). In 42 days there was presence of new bone with mature characteristics	The combined use of PBM with HFB and BM contributed to the process of reconstruction of non-critical bone defects
Buchaim et al., 2016 [53] (PubMed)	GaAlAs (Laserpulse IBRAMED®, Amparo, Brazil)	830 and 30	258.6	6	To evaluate the effects of LLLT in the repair of the buccal branch of the facial nerve with two techniques: coaptation with HFS and end-to-end epineural suture	Heterologous fibrin sealant (HFS)	Forty-two rats, five groups: (1) control (CG), facial nerve (buccal branch) was collected without lesion; (2) experimental suture (EGS) and experimental fibrin (EGF) groups: end-to-end suture on the right side and HFS on the left side; (3) experimental suture laser (EGSL) and experimental fibrin laser (EGFL): plus LLLT	Axonal growth occurred in the distal stump of the facial nerve in all groups. The morphological aspect was similar to the GC fibers, with the majority of myelinated fibers. In the last period of the experiment, the EGSL presented the best results, being closer to the CG, in all measurements performed, except in the axon area	Laser therapy showed better results in facial nerve regeneration, being an effective technique to stimulate the repair process of peripheral nerve injuries
Doan et al., 2020 [54] (Scopus)	MLS laser (ASA laser, Vicenza, Italy)	-/-	-/-	1.27	Two clinical cases with piezoelectric surgery (PES), concentrated growth factors (CGF) and PBM, used in the search to increase the formation of new blood vessels and tissue repair after maxillary sinus lift surgeries with dental implants	Autologous concentrated growth factors (CGF)	The lateral sinus windows were created using PES. The implants were inserted in the same surgery and wrapped with CGF. A laser treatment of PBM was performed at the site, applied in the apical, buccal, lingual, coronal, mesial and distal regions of the surgical wound	Vascular budding and wound closure was observed after the first day. New bone formation was detected in the enlarged maxillary sinuses next to the implants, through radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography	PBM, PES, and CGF promoted the formation of new vessels, favored the approximation of the edges, closing the wound and reducing edema and bleeding. In addition, there was less postoperative pain, less use of analgesics and speech impairment, without trismus