Table 1.
Class | Compounds | Quantitation | Extraction Solvent |
Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Polysaccharides | fructosan (triticin), inulin | ~12% | water | [10,35] |
Disaccharides | not identified | water | [35] | |
Monosaccharides | fructose, glucose, rhamnose | (17.1, 3.4, nd%) | water | [10,35] |
Sugar alcohols | mannitol, inositol | nd | nr | [6,36] |
Phenolic acids, free (and bound) |
chlorogenic acid | nd | nr | [10] |
p-coumaric acid | 87 (24) μg/g | water | [37] | |
p-hydroxybenzoic acid | 10 (55) μg/g | water | [37] | |
vanillic acid | 27 (11) μg/g | water | [37] | |
ferulic acid | 38 (12) μg/g | water | [37] | |
vanillin | 4 (17) μg/g | water | [37] | |
p-hydroxybenzaldehyde | tr (4) μg/g | water | [37] | |
Flavonoids | tricin | nd | nr | [10,19,38] |
rutin | ||||
hyperoside | ||||
baicalein | ||||
quercetin | ||||
luteolin | ||||
Tannins | 5% | water | [10] | |
Antraquinones | emodin | 0.06–0.2 μg/g | acetonitrile/water | [39] |
chrysophanol | 0.05–0.2 μg/g | |||
physcion | 0.08–0.3 μg/g | |||
Si | silicon species | 0.4% | water | [40] |
Main Volatiles | palmitic acid | 0.05% | steam distillation | [6,16] |
carvacrol | ||||
trans-anethole | ||||
carvone | ||||
thymol | ||||
menthol | ||||
menthone | ||||
Vitamins | ascorbic acid | nd | nr | [10] |
β-carotene | ||||
Organic acids | acetic acid | nd | water | [10,41] |
propionic acid | ||||
butyric acid | ||||
hexanoic acid | ||||
phenylacetic acid | ||||
succinic acid | ||||
cinnamic acid | ||||
p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid | ||||
p-coumaric acid | ||||
3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid | ||||
Total polyphenols contents | 257.95 μgGAE/mL | ethanol/water | [11] | |
Total flavonoid contents | 70.89 μgRE/mL | ethanol/water | [11] | |
Antioxidant activity | ~35% (DPPH) | ethanol/water | [11] | |
~60% (reducing power) | ethanol/water | [11] |
nd: not determined; nr: not reported; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; RE: rutin equivalent; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; reducing power: with respect to Fe3+ to Fe2+.