Table 1.
Polysaccharide-based nanocarriers for the entrapment of drugs and used against diabetes.
| Polysaccharide | Nanocarriers | Drug | Drug Loading (%) |
Encapsulation Efficiency (%) |
Particles Size (nm) |
Zeta Potential (mV) |
Testing Method |
Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALG | NPs | INS | 10.8 | 49.6 | 201.8 | −35.7 | SC | [107] |
| ALG | NPs | INS | 11.7~38.9 | / | 40~150 | −88~−21.2 | In vitro | [108] |
| ALG | NPs | INS | 3.2~3.5 | 77.2~79.2 | 202~279.5 | −34.3~+14.6 | PO | [109] |
| ALG | NPs | INS | / | 22,85 | 78,91 | −27.3, −17.1 | PO | [110] |
| ALG | Emulsions | Metformin | 3.1 | 78 | 60~150 | +27.3 | PO | [95] |
| ALG/CS | NPs | Metformin | / | 10.0~21.6 | 701~989 | −29.8~+5.5 | PO | [77] |
| ALG/CS | NPs | Berberine | 8.6 | 85.7 | 202.2 | −14.8 | PO | [111] |
| ALG/CS | NPs | Liraglutide | 54.2 | 92.5 | 100 | / | PO | [112] |
| ALG/CS | Emulsions | INS | / | 47.3 | 488 | −62.25 | PO | [96] |
| ALG/CS | NPs | INS | 7.5~13.9 | 78.9~83.3 | 797~4895 | / | In vitro | [113] |
| ALG/CS | NPs | INS | / | 85 | 100~200 | +9.62~+16.42 | PO | [114] |
| ALG/CS | NPs | Quercetin | 59 | 95 | 91.58 | −24.63 | PO | [81] |
| ALG/CS | NPs | INS | 17.25 | 97 | 90~110 | +38.5 | PO | [82] |
| ALG/CS | NPs | INS | 10.7, 4.9 | 81.5, 55.2 | 260.1, 224.4 | −55.7, +13.7 | PO | [115] |
| ALG/CS/MD | Micelles | Curcumin | 3.3~5.0 | / | / | / | PO | [88] |
| ALG/DS | NPs | INS | 10.1 | 72.4 | 313.2 | −30.6 | In vitro | [80] |
| ALG/TMC | NPs | INS | 5.4 | 93.2 | 150.8 | / | In vitro | [116] |
| ALG/KC | Hydrogel | IASP | / | 19~26 | 2500~2700 | / | In vitro | [101] |
| Cellulose | Hydrogel | NCs | / | / | / | / | Cover the wound | [105] |
| CMCD/CMC | Hydrogel | INS | 30.0~31.9 | / | / | / | PO | [117] |
| CS | NPs | INS | 27.5 | 91.0 | 46.2 | +9.4 | PO | [118] |
| CS | Liposomes | INS | / | 85.75 | 439 | +60.5 | PO | [119] |
| CS | Liposomes | Curcumin | / | / | 247.6 | +61.5 | In vitro | [120] |
| CS | NPs | INS | / | 73.0~85.4 | 204~303.9 | +14.9~+32.1 | PO | [121] |
| CS | NPs | INS | / | 49.4~60.9 | 215~255 | +20.7~+30.1 | PO | [122] |
| CS | NPs | INS | 47.0 | 52.5 | 551.7 | +25.7 | PO | [123] |
| CS | NPs | INS | / | 93.1 | 91.3~220.2 | +14.4 | In vitro | [124] |
| CS | NPs | INS | 88.4~98.7 | 88.4~98.7 | 86~257 | +22.1~+26.1 | SC | [125] |
| CS | Liposomes | FeSO4 | / | 72.8~82.7 | 209~304 | +27.8~+33.1 | In vitro | [126] |
| CS | NPs | INS | 13.4~17.2 | 79.3~82.5 | 39.2~50.6 | +27.8~+49.6 | PO | [127] |
| CS | NPs | INS | 35.8~33.0 | 72.4~78.2 | 217.6~237.0 | +8.5~+15.6 | PO | [128] |
| CS | Liposomes | INS | 10.7 | / | 100~150 | −40~+40 | PO | [76] |
| CS | Hydrogel | BSA | 9.85~9.91 | 98.63~99.07 | / | / | In vitro | [129] |
| CS | NPs | FA | / | 50 | 242 | +32 | In vitro | [130] |
| CS | NPs | INS | 18~19 | 68~74 | 218~250 | +25~+27 | In vitro | [131] |
| CS | Emulsions | INS | / | / | 8.7~141.9 | +1.2~+33.9 | PO | [132] |
| CS | NPs | INS | / | 85 | 200~550 | +2.83~+24.69 | PO | [133] |
| CS | NPs | INS | 6.83 | 41 | 252.4 | +5.99 | PO | [134] |
| CS | NPs | Exendin-4 | 14.7 | 60.9 | 260~1049 | +3.6~+33.7 | PO | [135] |
| CS/fucoidan | Capsules | INS | 8.6 | 56.4 | 256.7 | +26.5 | PO | [136] |
| CS/Pectin | NPs | Metformin | / | 60~92 | 581.8 | +41.8 | PO | [42] |
| CS/Pectin | Nanogel | TM | / | 27.4 | 175.2 | −10.9 | In vitro | [137] |
| Starch | NPs | Plant extract | / | / | 19.8 | / | In vitro | [138] |
| Pectin | NPs | Metformin | / | 68 | 482.7 | +38.9 | PO | [84] |
| HA | NPs | / | / | / | 221.0 | −25.7 | IV | [139] |
| HA | NPs | CD44 siRNAs | / | / | 223.1 | −25.6 | IP | [140] |
| HA/CS | NPs | INS | 8.3 | 95 | 95~200 | −40~−50 | JI | [141] |
| Xanthan | Micelles | Glibenclamide | / | 98.8 | 652.8 | −27.6 | PO | [87] |
| Gelatin | NPs | INS | / | 11.7~49.7 | 50~250 | / | In vitro | [142] |
| Dextran | Polymersome | INS | 2.2~27.8 | 44.2~92.5 | 123.5~342.3 | / | PO | [143] |
| Dextran | NPs | INS | / | 48.68 | 48~74 | / | In vitro | [144] |
| CS/GA | NPs | Glycyrrhizin | / | 99.84 | 181.4 | +31.4 | PO | [145] |
| CMCS | NPs | INS | 9.8 | 67 | 100~300 | / | PO | [146] |
| Pullulan | Hydrogel | INS | 1.9~12.2 | / | / | / | In vitro | [102] |
| Pullulan | Hydrogel | acarbose | / | 63 | / | / | In vitro | [147] |
| TMC | Micelles | INS | 12.0~14.2 | 82.2~90.3 | 106.8~149.8 | −19.1~+25.4 | PO | [148] |
| CS/HPMCP | NPs | INS | 17.6~48.4 | 87.8~90.9 | 168~239 | −26.7~+19.5 | PO | [85] |
| CS/β-CD | Hydrogel | INS | / | / | / | / | PO | [103] |
| CMCD-g-CS | NPs | INS | 0.13 | 57.0 | 144~297 | / | PO | [2] |
| NTC | NPs | INS | 7.8 | 47.0 | 247.6 | +45.2 | PO | [149] |
| NSC | Hydrogel | INS | 38 | 76 | / | / | PO | [150] |
| β-CD | Nanogel | INS/pCMV-Ins | 8.4 | 84.4 | 164~240 | +23~+46.3 | In vitro | [151] |
| SCG | NPs | INS | 2.5~3.5 | 53.9~70.2 | 60~200 | −2.0~−6.5 | PO | [152] |
| Salecan | NPs | INS | / | 30.3~60.8 | / | / | PO | [104] |
Abbreviations: CMCD/CMC: Carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin grafted carboxymethyl chitosan, BSA: bovine serum albumin, CMCD-g-CS: carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin-grafted chitosan, CMCS: carboxymethyl chitosan, DS: dextran sulfate, FA: Ferulic acid, KC: κ-carrageenan, GA: gum Arabic, IASP: Insulin aspart, SCG: short-chain glucan, FD: fucoidan, MD: maltodextrin, TM: Timolol maleate, TMC: Trimethyl chitosan, HPMCP: hydroxy-propyl methylcellulose phthalate, NTC: N-trimethyl chitosan chloride, NSC: N-succinyl chitosan, NCs: Nanobiocomposites, SC: Subcutaneous injection, IV: intravenous injection, JI: Jejunal instillations, PO: per os, INS: Insulin.