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. 2022 Jul 28;13:915290. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.915290

TABLE 2.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine significance of difference between those having direct and indirect exposure to the COVID-19 infection (n = 795).

Exposure to the COVID-19 infection Mean (S.D.) Mean (S.D.) Mean (S.D.)

f (%) Anxiety Stress Spiritual connections
Not exposure (f = 570; 72%) 6.72 (4.04) 12.42 (5.58) 14.71 (1.98)
(a)Indirect exposure (f = 172; 21%) 6.62 (4.04) 13.41 (5.26) 14.4 (1.86)
(b)Direct exposure (f = 53; 7%) 6.18 (3.31) 12.06 (4.71) 13.81 (1.89)
F(2,792) = 0.11(ns) F(2,792) = 0.61(ns) F(2,792) = 1.39(ns)
(c)Partial Eta squared 0.05 0.05 0.02

(a) Indirectly exposed: Family/friend member living with person got COVID-19 infection. (b) Person himself/herself diagnosed with COVID-19 infection; ns = non-significant. (c) Partial Eta squared values = Small effect size = 0.01; Medium effect size = 0.06; Large effect size = 0.14 or higher.