Table 3.

Robust Regression Estimation of Adjusted Association with Outcomes of Interest

Independent predictor*	Average pain score POD 0 to 3		MEQ total POD 0 to 3		Average daily MEQ POD 4 to discharge		Functional recovery (POD)		LOS
	Estimate (SE)	p Value	Estimate (SE)	p Value	Estimate (SE)	p Value	Estimate (SE)	p Value	Estimate (SE)	p Value
Age, y†	–0.05 (0.01)	<0.0001‡	–4.5 (0.8)	<0.0001‡	–0.7 (0.2)	<0.0001‡	—	—	0.03 (0.02)	0.1303
Male vs female	—	—	56.4 (15.9)	0.0004‡	—	—	–0.77 (0.17)	<0.0001‡	—	—
White vs non-White	–0.46 (0.39)	0.24	—	—	–11.2 (5.6)	0.044‡	—	—	—	—
Depression, yes vs no	0.63 (0.25)	0.012‡	43.9 (17.9)	0.014‡	10.5 (3.6)	0.0032‡	—	—	—	—
Substance use disorder, yes vs no	0.76 (0.53)	0.16	107.2 (45.2)	0.018‡	11.6 (7.8)	0.14	—	—	—	—
Alcohol use disorder, yes vs no	—	—	–21.6 (24.8)	0.38	12.6 (4.7)	0.0079‡	—	—	—	—
Chronic opioid use, yes vs no	0.76 (0.28)	0.0059‡	61.7 (19.3)	0.0014‡	11.8 (4.0)	0.0030‡	—	—	1.20 (0.45)	0.0072‡
Open vs robotic approach	0.47 (0.29)	0.010	—	—	—	—	0.28 (0.21)	0.1780	—	—
Operative duration§, min	—	—	0.07 (0.07)	0.28	0.02 (0.01)	0.17	—	—	0.004 (0.002)	0.0285‡
ITM vs none (reference group)	–0.07 (0.24)	0.77	–81.4 (17.4)	<0.0001‡	–12.0 (3.5)	0.0006‡	–0.57 (0.18)	0.0018‡	–1.90 (0.41)	<0.0001‡
ITM+TAP vs none	–0.27 (0.34)	0.43	–91.2 (24.5)	0.0002‡	–8.8 (4.9)	0.072	–0.90 (0.25)	0.0003‡	–2.18 (0.58)	0.0002‡
ITM+TAP vs ITM‖	–0.20 (0.33)	0.55	–9.9 (23.0)	0.67	3.1 (4.7)	0.50	–0.33 (0.24)	0.1591	–0.09 (0.55)	0.8698

^*Regression model for each outcome includes all factors significant in univariate analysis, and otherwise shown as —.

^†Continuous factor age is centered at the overall mean (66 y).

^‡Statistically significant.

^§Continuous factor surgical duration is centered at the overall mean (387 min).

^‖Additional test is a linear contrast of model parameters.

ITM, intrathecal morphine; LOS, length of stay; MEQ, morphine equivalents; POD, postoperative day; TAP, transversus abdominus plane block.