Table 2. Risk factors for adolescents’ self- and parent-reported low Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL).
| Adolescent-reported HRQoL (KIDSCREEN-10) | Parent-reported HRQoL (KINDL®) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
N |
High N (%) |
Low N (%) |
Low HRQoL aOR (95%CI)a |
N |
High N (%) |
Low N (%) |
Low HRQoL aOR (95%CI)a |
|||
| Age of the adolescent (years) 1 | 235 | 15.4 (1.6) | 13.8 (4.2) | 0.83 (0.54–0.97) | * | 15.4 (1.2) | 15.4 (1.1) | 0.95 (0.63–1.41) | ||
| Age of the parent (years) 1 | 235 | 48.4 (5.1) | 48.5 (7.3) | 1.02 (0.89–1.12) | 48.3 (5.5) | 48.7 (4.4) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | |||
| Sex of the adolescent | 235 | 234 | ||||||||
| Boy | 113 (90.4) | 12 (9.6) | 1 | 118 (94.4) | 7 (5.6) | 1 | ||||
| Girl | 96 (87.3) | 14 (12.7) | 1.10 (0.59–2.22) | 88 (80.7) | 21 (19.3) | 4.31 (1.63–11.10) | ** | |||
| Self-perceived mood of the parent | 235 | 234 | ||||||||
| Good | 178 (89.9) | 20 (10.1) | 1 | 178 (89.4) | 21 (10.6) | 1 | ||||
| Average to poor | 31 (83.8) | 6 (16.2) | 1.30 (0.46–5.56) | 28 (80.0) | 7 (20.0) | 1.63 (0.51–5.26) | ||||
| Financial situation of the household | 235 | 234 | ||||||||
| Good | 156 (90.7) | 16 (9.3) | 1 | 152 (88.4) | 20 (11.6) | 1 | ||||
| Average to poor | 35 (79.5) | 9 (20.5) | 2.30 (0.85–6.23) | 36 (83.7) | 7 (16.3) | 1.36 (0.56–5.65) | ||||
| No answer | 18 (94.7) | 1 (5.3) | 0.53 (0.07–5.27) | 18 (94.7) | 1 (5.3) | 0.67 (0.07–6.67) | ||||
| Household size (individuals) 1 | 235 | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.8 (2.0) | 1.52 (0.79–2.66) | 3.3 (1.2) | 3.4 (1.1) | 1.20 (0.79–1.78) | |||
| Household density | 234 | 233 | ||||||||
| Non-crowded | 192 (89.7) | 22 (10.3) | 1 | 190 (89.2) | 23 (10.8) | 1 | ||||
| Crowded | 16 (80.0) | 4 (20.0) | 2.08 (0.48–6.70) | 15 (75.0) | 5 (25.0) | 2.05 (0.64–6.61) | ||||
| Change in social media habits | 229 | 228 | ||||||||
| Same or less | 115 (92.0) | 10 (8.0) | 1 | 109 (87.9) | 15 (12.1) | 1 | ||||
| More | 88 (84.6) | 16 (15.4) | 1.60 (0.92–3.70) | 91 (87.5) | 13 (12.5) | 0.83 (0.62–1.45) | ||||
| Screen time (hours) 1 | 229 | 1.8 (2.0) | 1.6 (1.1) | 0.89 (0.79–0.98) | * | 228 | 1.9 (2.0) | 1.7 (1.3) | 0.95 (0.82–1.06) | |
| Parent anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology | 235 | 234 | ||||||||
| Negative | 163 (92.1) | 14 (7.9) | 1 | 159 (90.3) | 17 (9.7) | 1 | ||||
| Positive | 46 (79.3) | 12 (20.7) | 3.33 (1.20–9.12) | * | 47 (81.0) | 11 (19.0) | 2.01 (0.69–6.34) | |||
| Adolescent anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology | 235 | 234 | ||||||||
| Negative | 167 (90.8) | 17 (9.2) | 1 | 162 (89.0) | 20 (11.0) | 1 | ||||
| Positive | 42 (82.4) | 9 (17.6) | 1.08 (0.57–2.27) | 44 (84.6) | 8 (15.4) | 1.38 (0.44–4.03) | ||||
| Parents’ marital status | 235 | 234 | ||||||||
| Married or in couple | 163 (88.6) | 21 (11.4) | 1 | 160 (87.4) | 23 (12.6) | 1 | ||||
| Divorced, separated, single or widowed | 46 (90.2) | 5 (9.8) | 0.84 (0.27–2.20) | 46 (90.2) | 5 (9.8) | 0.57 (0.16–2.13) | ||||
Results are adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from multivariable generalized estimating equations adjusted for all covariates in first column.
a based on 225 observations.
* indicates P < 0.05
** indicates P < 0.01.
1 Descriptive analysis presented as mean (SD); OR applicable for each additional unit of continuous variables.