Table 3. Risk factors for adolescents’ self-reported loneliness and sadness, and parent-reported low emotional well-being.
| Self-reported sadness | Self-reported loneliness | Parent-reported low emotional well-being (KINDL®) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | No N(%) |
Yes N(%) |
Sadness aOR (95% CI)a |
N | No N(%) |
Yes N(%) |
Loneliness aOR (95% CI)a |
N | High N(%) |
Low N(%) |
Low emotional well-being aOR (95% CI)a |
||||
| Age of the adolescent (years) 1 | 236 | 15.4 (1.1) | 14.9 (3.1) | 0.96 (0.72–1.13) | 237 | 15.3 (1.6) | 14.9 (3.2) | 1.01 (0.80–1.23) | 234 | 15.4 (1.2) | 15.3 (1.1 | 0.84 (0.62–1.17) | |||
| Age of the parent (years) 1 | 236 | 47.8 (4.9) | 49.5 (6.0) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | * | 237 | 48.2 (5.2) | 49.3 (6.0) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 234 | 48.0 (5.2) | 50.2 (5.9) | 1.10 (0.97–1.22) | ||
| Sex of the adolescent | 236 | 237 | |||||||||||||
| Boy | 94 (75.2) | 31 (24.8) | 1 | 109 (86.5) | 17 (13.5) | 1 | 234 | 112 (89.6) | 13 (10.4) | 1 | |||||
| Girl | 58 (52.3) | 53 (47.7) | 3.20 (1.67–6.16) | ** | 73 (65.8) | 38 (34.2) | 4.10 (1.92–8.78) | ** | 84 (77.1) | 25 (22.9) | 2.73 (1.22–6.06) | * | |||
| Self-perceived mood of the parent | 236 | ||||||||||||||
| Good | 138 (69.3) | 61 (30.7) | 1 | 237 | 158 (79.0) | 42 (21.0) | 1 | 234 | 168 (84.4) | 31 (15.6) | 1 | ||||
| Average to poor | 14 (37.8) | 23 (62.2) | 2.62 (1.10–6.23) | * | 24 (64.9) | 13 (35.1) | 1.68 (0.71–3.98) | 28 (80.0) | 7 (20.0) | 0.94 (0.39–2.30) | |||||
| Financial situation of the household | 236 | ||||||||||||||
| Good | 115 (66.9) | 57 (33.1) | 1 | 237 | 136 (78.6) | 37 (21.4) | 1 | 234 | 147 (85.5) | 25 (14.5) | 1 | ||||
| Average to poor | 22 (48.9) | 23 (51.1) | 2.31 (1.01–6.10) | * | 30 (66.7) | 15 (33.3) | 1.98 (0.68–4.63) | 32 (74.4) | 11 (25.6) | 2.37 (0.98–7.38) | * | ||||
| No answer | 15 (78.9) | 4 (21.1) | 0.85 (0.30–2.91) | 16 (84.2) | 3 (15.8) | 1.41 (0.36–5.50) | 17 (89.5) | 2 (10.5) | 0.98 (0.29–4.76) | ||||||
| Household size (individuals) 1 | 236 | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.3) | 1.15 (0.97–1.48) | 237 | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.5) | 1.17 (0.67–1.59) | 3.4 (1.2) | 3.1 (1.4) | 0.73 (0.39–1.21) | ||||
| Household density | 235 | 236 | 233 | ||||||||||||
| Non-crowded | 142 (66.0) | 73 (34.0) | 1 | 167 (77.3) | 49 (22.7) | 1 | 182 (85.4) | 31 (14.6) | 1 | ||||||
| Crowded | 10 (50.0) | 10 (50.0) | 1.60 (0.58–4.77) | 15 (75.0) | 5 (25.0) | 0.99 (0.74–1.65) | 13 (65.0) | 7 (35.0) | 3.12 (1.10–9.37) | * | |||||
| Change in social media habits | 230 | 231 | 228 | ||||||||||||
| Same or less | 93(73.8) | 33 (26.2) | 1 | 105 (83.3) | 21 (16.7) | 1 | 107 (86.3) | 17 (13.7) | 1 | ||||||
| More | 55 (52.9) | 49 (47.1) | 2.07 (1.08–3.97) | * | 72 (68.6) | 33 (31.4) | 1.88 (0.96–3.90) | 84 (80.8) | 20 (19.2) | 1.57 (0.67–3.40) | |||||
| Screen time (hours) 1 | 230 | 1.7 (1.8) | 2.0 (2.0) | 1.04 (0.91–1.27) | 231 | 1.8 (1.8) | 2.1 (2.1) | 1.06 (0.87–1.27) | 228 | 1.9 (2.0) | 1.5 (1.5) | 0.98 (0.71–1.15) | |||
| Parent anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology | 236 | 237 | 234 | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 121 (68.4) | 56 (31.6) | 1 | 139 (78.1) | 39 (21.9) | 1 | 148 (84.1) | 28 (15.9) | 1 | ||||||
| Positive | 31 (52.5) | 28 (47.5) | 2.55 (1.14–5.67) | * | 43 (72.9) | 16 (27.1) | 2.05 (0.84–5.01) | 48 (82.8) | 10 (17.2) | 0.67 (0.23–1.98) | |||||
| Adolescent anti-SARS-CoV-2 serology | 236 | 237 | |||||||||||||
| Negative | 116 (63.4) | 67 (36.6) | 1 | 135 (73.4) | 49 (26.6) | 1 | 234 | 153 (84.1) | 29 (15.9) | 1 | |||||
| Positive | 36 (67.9) | 17 (32.1) | 0.54 (0.22–1.32) | 47 (88.7) | 6 (11.3) | 0.19 (0.05–0.70) | ** | 43 (82.7) | 9 (17.3) | 1.59 (0.57–4.38) | |||||
| Parents’ marital status | 236 | 237 | 234 | ||||||||||||
| Married or in couple | 120 (65.2) | 64 (34.8) | 1 | 147 (79.5) | 38 (20.5) | 1 | 155 (84.7) | 28 (15.3) | 1 | ||||||
| Divorced, separated, single or widowed | 32 (61.5) | 20 (38.5) | 1.17 (0.61–2.20) | 35 (67.3) | 17 (32.7) | 1.36 (0.58–3.21) | 41 (80.4) | 10 (19.6)) | 0.84 (0.27–2.20) | ||||||
Results are adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from multivariable generalized estimating equations adjusted for all covariates in first column.
a based on 225 observations
* indicates P < 0.05
** indicates P < 0.01.
1 Descriptive analysis presented as mean (SD); OR applicable for each additional unit of continuous variables.