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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Aug;150(2):266–276. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.06.012

Figure 2: Negative and positive regulators of IL-4 and IL-13 signaling:

Figure 2:

IL-13 and IL-4 signaling intermediates and receptors are marked in black and grey. Negative regulators (marked in red circles and red lines) of IL-4/13 signaling (SOCS proteins, protein tyrosine phosphatases) function by inhibiting JAK kinase activity, targeting activated signaling intermediates for proteolysis, and removing phosphate groups from activated signaling intermediates. Positive regulators (marked in green circles and green arrows) of IL-4/13 signaling pathway (PARP proteins, cAMP, S1P2 and IL-17A) facilitate efficient STAT6 DNA binding, protect STAT6 from proteolytic degradation, enhance STAT6 phosphorylation, enhance IL-4-induced gene expression through recruitment of C/EBPβ, and suppress SOCS3-mediated inhibition.