Table 2.

Effects of H. pylori on tumor-related proteins in gastric tumor immune microenvironment.

Tumor-related proteins affected by H. pylori	Roles of H. pylori	Results
PD-1/PD-L1	Upregulates PD-1/PD-L1 expression (119–121)	Reduces excessive damage induced by H. pylori, reduces T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, promotes GC progression
	Upregulates PD-L1 expression by H. pylori CagA through the SHH pathway (62)	Inhibits T cell proliferation and Treg cell induction from naïve T cells, increases immune escape, promotes GC progression
	Upregulates PD-L1 expression by mTOR-GLI signaling (64)
	Upregulates PD-L1 expression by the p38 MAPK pathway (122, 123)
	Upregulates PD-L1 expression by H. pylori urease subunit through the Myh9/mTORC1 pathway (124)
	Upregulates PD-L1 expression by H. pylori LPS through the NF-κB pathway (125)