Table 3.
Effects of H. pylori on tumor immunotherapy responses.
| Cancer targeted by immunotherapy affected by H. pylori | Roles of H. pylori | Effects and applications | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gastric cancer | Induces PD-L1 expression and MDSC infiltration (62–64, 150) | Mediates immune escape by cancer cells, causing resistance to immunotherapy | |
| Enhances tumor immunity by virulence factors | CagA, VacA and BabA | Increases levels of CagA, VacA, and BabA autoantibodies, enhances antigen processing and presentation and T-cell activation and proliferation, and improves host immune status (151) | |
| DNA vaccine from CagA, VacA and BabA induces a shift from Th1 to Th2 response and activates CD3+ T cells to inhibit GC xenograft growth in vivo (152) | |||
| HP-NAP | HP-NAP promotes maturation of DCs and stimulates neutrophils and monocytes to enhance antigen-specific T cell responses (153) | ||
| Oral NapA vaccination promotes Th17 and Th1 polarization, exerts anti-H. pylori and antitumor effects, enhances immune responses (154) | |||
| Non-small cell lung carcinoma | Decreases immune responses, inhibits antitumoral CD8+ T cell responses (19) | Partially blocks the activity of ICIs and vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy | |
| DLBCL | Causes increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and persistent activation of autoimmune Th cells (155) | Results in a benign tumor immune microenvironment | |
| Mouse subcutaneous hepatoma and sarcoma | rMBP-NAP promotes Th1 differentiation and increases the number of CD4+ IFN-γ-secreting cells (156) | rMBP-NAP has antitumor potential | |
| Lung cancer | rMBP-NAP increases the number of IFN−γ-secreting cells and CTL activity of PBMCs (157) | ||
| Mouse metastatic lung cancer | rMBP-NAP restricts tumor progression by triggering antitumor immunity (158) | ||
| Mouse breast and bladder cancers |
HP-NAP enhances immune response and inhibits tumor growth (137, 159) | HP-NAP has antitumor potential | |
| Melanoma | rHP-NAP promotes the maturation of dendritic cells in dendritic cell-based vaccines (160) | rHP-NAP has potential as an adjuvant | |
| Mouse neuroendocrine tumor | HP-NAP improves median survival (161) | HP-NAP is a powerful source of immune-stimulatory agonists that can boost OV immunogenicity and enhance ICI effects (162, 163) | |
| Mouse subcutaneous neuroblastoma | HP-NAP enhances antitumor efficacy of oncolytic vaccinia virus (164, 165) | ||
| Glioblastoma | MVs-NAP-uPAR improves tumor immunotherapy efficacy (163) | ||