Fig. 5.

Apoptosis, caspase activation, and changes in the expression of cancer genes in GBM cells treated with EMA401. (A) TB77 cells were treated with 10 μM, 30 μM, and 50 μM EMA401 and analyzed for changes in apoptosis at 24, 48, and 72 h posttreatment using the Muse Annexin V Dead Cell Assay. Data shown is the mean % ± SEM of the total events for each stage of apoptosis (i.e., live, early apoptosis, late apoptosis/dead, and dead). (B) Induction of caspase-3/7 activation after treatment of TB77 cells with 30 μM EMA401. (C) qPCR validation of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) changes resulting from EMA401. qPCR expression data were normalized to the mean Ct value of the reference genes TBP and HPRT1 and are represented relative to the untreated control as 2. ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was performed to determine significant differences between groups. ****P ≤ 0.0001.