Fig. 3.

(A) Speaking trials presented in study 4. These trials were presented after familiarization trials in which either the infant’s own parent (own-parent condition) or another infant’s parent (other-parent condition) imitated one of the puppets. Each infant saw five familiarizations, two speaking trials, then the 5 familiarizations in the other condition, and two speaking trials. The order of these two trials was counterbalanced across participants, as well as whether infants participated in the own-parent condition or the other-parent condition first. (B) Infants’ first looks toward the imitated puppet (stacked bars) after hearing a name and proportion of time infants spent looking at the imitated puppet during the speaking trials (box plots; large white dots are means, black bars are medians; connected dots are a single infant’s data; boxplots made with ggplot2 (27).