Figure 2.
The roles of Ang II and ACE in innate and adaptive immunity. These functions are mediated through the AT1 receptor signalling cascade in different immune cell lineages where Ang II is present, but through unknown substrates or signals when ACE is utilised. Notably, most immune-related changes are observed in macrophages and neutrophils with respect to ACE, and there is minimal research regarding adaptive immunity. Abbreviations: mΦ: macrophage, DC: dendritic cell, Th-1,2,17: T helper lymphocytes, Treg: T regulatory lymphocyte.