Table 2.
Selected nanomaterial-based vaccines against bacterial infections
| Antigen | Nanocarrier used | Disease | References (year) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antigenic protein | PLGA nanospheres | Anthrax | [210] (2018) |
| DNA encoding T cell epitopes of Esat-6 and FL | Chitosan nanoparticle | Tuberculosis | [210] (2018) |
| Mycobacterium lipids | Chitosan nanoparticle | Tuberculosis | [210] (2018) |
| Polysaccharides | Liposomes | Pneumonia | [210] (2018) |
| Bacterial toxic and parasitic protein | Liposomes | Cholera and malaria | [210] (2018) |
| Fusion protein | Liposomes | H. pylori | [210] (2018) |
| Antigenic protein | Nano-emulsion | Cystic fibrosis, Anthrax | [210] (2018) |
| Mycobacterium fusion protein | Liposome | Tuberculosis | [210] (2018) |
| Flagellin protein | AuNPs | Yersinia pestis, S. pneumoniae | [211] (2012) |
| Antigenic protein | Cationic liposome-based, stabilized with synthetic glycolipid (CAF01) | Tuberculosis | [212] (2014) |
| Plasmid DNA encoding BoNT heavy chain (Hc) | PLGA | Clostridium botulinum | [213] (2016) |
| Capsular polysaccharide serotype 14 and T-helper peptide, ovalbumin 323–339 peptide | AuNPs with branched tetra-saccharide unit b-d-Galp-(1–4)-b-d-Glcp-(1–6)-[b-d-Galp-(1–4)-]b-d-GlcpNAc-(1–) | S. pneumonia | [214] (2012) |
| LomW and EscC | AuNPs | E. coli (EHEC) | [210] (2018) |
| Listeriolysin O (91–99) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (1–22) peptide | AuNPs | Listeria monocytogenes | [210] (2018) |
| Hemagglutinin and FIgL | AuNP coated with antigenic capsular LPS | Burkholderia pseudomallei | [215] (2017) |
| N-terminal domains flagellin (1–161) | AuNPs | P. aeruginosa | [216] (2016) |
| Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1), host receptor for cholera toxin | PLGA | Vibrio cholerae | [217] (2018) |
| Serogroup B | OMV-based vaccine | N. meningitidis | [218] (2004) |
| Membrane proteins | Double-layered membrane vesicles | P. aeruginosa | [218] (2004) |
| Immunodominant antigens (Ag85A & ESAT-6) and IL-21 | Fe2O3 coated plasmid DNA TB vaccine | M. tuberculosis | [219] (2012) |
| Recombinant fusion protein (M72) | Liposomes | M. tuberculosis | [220] (2018) |
| Heat-induced OMV from enterotoxigenic E. coli | Poly(anhydride) NPs | E. coli | [221] (2022) |