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. 2021 Nov 26;59(5-6):1401–1414. doi: 10.1007/s00382-021-06046-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Association of the δ¹⁸O_TR record obtained from Macrolobium acaciifolium floodplain trees from western Peru with rainfall (a, f), temperature (b, g) from CRUTS 4.04, OLR (c, h) from NOAA, Amazon river at Obidos (d, i) from ANA/Brazil and accumulated precipitation along moisture trajectories from the sampling site (e, j) estimated from TRMM 3B42. Panels (a–c) show spatial correlation maps, with solid contours indicating regions with p < 0.05, and thin gray lines indicating the area used to average climate data for (f, g, h). Panel (d) shows the drainage area of the Amazon River at Obidos in grey shading and panel (e) shows the back-trajectories of moisture from the sampling site calculated for the height of 600 Pa. Panels (f–j) show time series comparisons of the δ¹⁸O_TR record with respective climate/river variables shown in (a–e), with blue lines indicating negative correlations shown with inverted y-axis. Amazon rainfall, temperature and OLR are shown as monthly means of dry season months from June to October. Accumulated rainfall (i) is shown as trajectory means from June to August. Amazon river levels are shown as monthly means from September to November. Correlation coefficients with all variables are shown in Table 1 and in Online Resource SIFig. 4