Table 2.
Socio-demographic characteristics of MSM and TGW/GQ individuals stratified by levels of SGM stigma, Zimbabwe, 2019
| Harare (n = 662) | Bulawayo (n = 779) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGM stigma | SGM stigma | |||||||||
| Total | High | Low | x2 | p-value | Total | High | Low | x2 | p-value | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Total sample | 662 | 456 (68.9) | 206 (31.1) | 779 | 509 (65.3) | 270 (34.7) | ||||
| Age | 1.14 | 0.77 | 8.72 | 0.03* | ||||||
| 18–24 | 352 (53.2) | 243 (53.3) | 109 (52.9) | 317 (40.7) | 212 (41.6) | 105 (38.9) | ||||
| 25–34 | 232 (35.0) | 163 (35.7) | 69 (33.5) | 282 (36.2) | 194 (38.1) | 88 (32.6) | ||||
| 35–44 | 60 (9.1) | 39 (8.6) | 21 (10.2) | 119 (15.3) | 72 (14.2) | 47 (17.4) | ||||
| 45 or older | 18 (2.7) | 11 (2.4) | 7 (3.4) | 61 (7.8) | 31 (6.1) | 30 (11.1) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 24 (21–29) | 26 (22–34) | ||||||||
| SGM group | 3.16 | 0.08 | 21.70 | < 0.0001* | ||||||
| MSM | 394 (59.5) | 261 (57.2) | 133 (64.6) | 725 (93.1) | 458 (90.0) | 267 (98.9) | ||||
| TGW/GQ | 268 (40.5) | 195 (42.8) | 73 (35.4) | 54 (6.9) | 51 (10.0) | 3 (1.1) | ||||
| Race | N/A | 0.32a | 0.33 | 0.57 | ||||||
| Black African | 658 (99.4) | 452 (99.1) | 206 (100.0) | 755 (96.9) | 492 (96.7) | 263 (97.4) | ||||
| Other | 4 (0.6) | 4 (0.9) | 0 | 24 (3.1) | 17 (3.3) | 7 (2.6) | ||||
| Nationality | N/A | 0.67a | N/A | 0.39a | ||||||
| Zimbabwean | 656 (99.1) | 451 (98.9) | 205 (99.5) | 766 (98.3) | 502 (98.6) | 264 (97.8) | ||||
| Other | 6 (0.9) | 5 (1.1) | 1 (0.5) | 13 (1.7) | 7 (1.4) | 6 (2.2) | ||||
| Highest education attended | 6.09 | 0.04* | 8.54 | 0.01* | ||||||
| None or primary | 9 (1.4) | 9 (2.0) | 0 | 70 (9.0) | 43 (8.5) | 27 (10.0) | ||||
| Secondary | 461 (69.6) | 308 (67.5) | 153 (74.3) | 568 (72.9) | 359 (70.5) | 209 (77.4) | ||||
| Tertiary or vocational | 192 (29.0) | 139 (30.5) | 53 (25.7) | 141 (18.1) | 107 (21.0) | 34 (12.6) | ||||
| Literacy | N/A | 0.53a | 0.33 | 0.57 | ||||||
| Can read and write | 660 (99.7) | 455 (99.8) | 205 (99.5) | 762 (97.8) | 499 (98.0) | 263 (97.4) | ||||
| Cannot read or write or can read only | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.5) | 17 (2.2) | 10 (2.0) | 7 (2.6) | ||||
| Employment status | N/A | 0.39a | N/A | 0.68a | ||||||
| Unemployed | 209 (31.6) | 135 (29.6) | 74 (35.9) | 337 (43.3) | 214 (42.0) | 123 (45.6) | ||||
| Employed | 360 (54.4) | 255 (55.9) | 105 (51.0) | 341 (43.8) | 225 (44.2) | 116 (43.0) | ||||
| Full-time student | 92 (13.9) | 65 (14.3) | 27 (13.1) | 98 (12.3) | 67 (13.2) | 29 (10.7) | ||||
| Retired or other | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 5 (0.6) | 3 (0.6) | 2 (0.7) | ||||
| Income earned last month (USD) | 1.75 | 0.42 | 1.01 | 0.60 | ||||||
| 0–149 | 254 (38.4) | 182 (39.9) | 72 (35.0) | 256 (32.9) | 165 (32.4) | 91 (33.7) | ||||
| 150 or greater | 107 (16.1) | 74 (16.2) | 33 (16.0) | 84 (10.8) | 59 (11.6) | 25 (9.3) | ||||
| No answer, student, or unemployed | 301 (45.5) | 200 (43.9) | 101 (49.0) | 439 (56.3) | 285 (56.0) | 154 (57.0) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 100 (50–150) | 80 (50–150) | ||||||||
| Marital status | 4.35 | 0.11 | 10.81 | 0.005* | ||||||
| Single, never married | 541 (81.7) | 382 (83.8) | 159 (77.2) | 629 (80.8) | 428 (84.1) | 201 (74.4) | ||||
| Married or cohabiting | 51 (7.7) | 30 (6.6) | 21 (10.2) | 47 (6.0) | 24 (4.7) | 23 (8.5) | ||||
| Separated, divorced, or widowed | 70 (10.6) | 44 (9.6) | 26 (12.6) | 103 (13.2) | 57 (11.2) | 46 (17.1) | ||||
| Currently living with a sexual partner | 1.50 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.69 | ||||||
| Yes | 90 (13.6) | 67 (14.7) | 23 (11.2) | 130 (16.7) | 83 (16.3) | 47 (17.4) | ||||
| No | 572 (86.4) | 389 (85.3) | 183 (88.8) | 649 (83.3) | 429 (83.7) | 223 (82.6) | ||||
| Regular place to sleep at night | N/A | 0.45a | N/A | 0.76a | ||||||
| Yes | 654 (98.8) | 449 (98.5) | 205 (99.5) | 767 (98.5) | 502 (98.6) | 265 (98.2) | ||||
| No | 8 (1.2) | 7 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) | 12 (1.5) | 7 (1.4) | 5 (1.8) | ||||
| Shelter type | N/A | 0.71a | N/A | 0.10a | ||||||
| House or apartment | 654 (98.8) | 451 (98.9) | 203 (98.5) | 769 (98.7) | 505 (99.2) | 264 (97.8) | ||||
| Other | 8 (1.2) | 5 (1.1) | 3 (1.5) | 10 (1.3) | 4 (0.8) | 6 (2.2) | ||||
| Condom use at last sex with main male partner | 4.10 | 0.04* | 0.47 | 0.49 | ||||||
| Yes | 243 (36.7) | 179 (39.2) | 64 (31.1) | 236 (30.3) | 150 (29.5) | 86 (31.9) | ||||
| No | 419 (63.3) | 277 (60.8) | 142 (68.9) | 543 (69.7) | 359 (70.5) | 184 (68.1) | ||||
| Condom use at last sex with casual male partnerb | 0.21 | 0.65 | 0.32 | 0.57 | ||||||
| Yes | 72 (20.4) | 50 (19.8) | 22 (22.0) | 66 (20.9) | 46 (21.8) | 20 (19.1) | ||||
| No | 280 (79.6) | 202 (80.2) | 78 (78.0) | 250 (79.1) | 165 (78.2) | 85 (80.9) | ||||
*Significant association (p < 0.05)
aFisher’s exact p-value used due to ≥ 25% of cell counts being 5 or below
bAmong those with ≥ 1 casual male partner in last 6 months (Harare: n = 352, Bulawayo: n = 316)