Table 4.
Socio-demographic characteristics of MSM and TGW/GQ individuals stratified by levels of social cohesion, Zimbabwe, 2019
| Harare (n = 662) | Bulawayo (n = 779) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social cohesion | Social cohesion | |||||||||
| Total | High | Low | x2 | p-value | Total | High | Low | x2 | p-value | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Total sample | 662 | 220 (33.2) | 442 (66.8) | 779 | 509 (65.3) | 270 (34.7) | ||||
| Age | 0.72 | 0.87 | 2.09 | 0.55 | ||||||
| 18–24 | 352 (53.2) | 122 (55.5) | 230 (52.0) | 317 (40.7) | 200 (39.3) | 117 (43.3) | ||||
| 25–34 | 232 (35.0) | 73 (33.2) | 159 (36.0) | 282 (36.2) | 184 (36.1) | 98 (36.3) | ||||
| 35–44 | 60 (9.1) | 19 (8.6) | 41 (9.3) | 119 (15.3) | 82 (16.1) | 37 (13.7) | ||||
| 45 or older | 18 (2.7) | 6 (2.7) | 12 (2.7) | 61 (7.8) | 43 (8.5) | 18 (6.7) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 24 (21–29) | 26 (22–34) | ||||||||
| SGM group | 0.03 | 0.86 | 4.66 | 0.03* | ||||||
| MSM | 394 (59.5) | 132 (60.0) | 262 (59.3) | 725 (93.1) | 481 (94.5) | 244 (90.4) | ||||
| TGW/GQ | 268 (40.5) | 88 (40.0) | 180 (40.7) | 54 (6.9) | 28 (5.5) | 26 (9.6) | ||||
| Race | N/A | 0.60a | 1.37 | 0.24 | ||||||
| Black African | 658 (99.4) | 218 (99.1) | 440 (99.5) | 755 (96.9) | 496 (97.4) | 259 (95.9) | ||||
| Other | 4 (0.60) | 2 (0.9) | 2 (0.5) | 24 (3.1) | 13 (2.6) | 11 (4.1) | ||||
| Nationality | N/A | 1.0a | N/A | 0.77a | ||||||
| Zimbabwean | 656 (99.1) | 218 (99.1) | 438 (99.1) | 766 (98.3) | 501 (98.4) | 265 (98.1) | ||||
| Other | 6 (0.9) | 2 (0.9) | 4 (0.9) | 13 (1.7) | 8 (1.6) | 5 (1.9) | ||||
| Highest education attended | 0.78 | 0.68 | 9.21 | 0.01* | ||||||
| None or primary | 9 (1.4) | 2 (0.9) | 7 (1.6) | 70 (9.0) | 52 (10.2) | 18 (6.7) | ||||
| Secondary | 461 (69.6) | 151 (68.6) | 310 (70.1) | 568 (72.9) | 379 (74.5) | 189 (70.0) | ||||
| Tertiary or vocational | 192 (29.0) | 67 (30.5) | 125 (28.3) | 141 (18.1) | 78 (15.3) | 63 (23.3) | ||||
| Literacy | N/A | 1.0a | 0.21 | 0.65 | ||||||
| Can read and write | 660 (99.7) | 220 (100.0) | 440 (99.5) | 762 (97.8) | 497 (97.6) | 265 (98.1) | ||||
| Cannot read or write or can read only | 2 (0.30) | 0 | 2 (0.5) | 17 (2.2) | 12 (2.4) | 5 (1.9) | ||||
| Employment status | N/A | 0.81a | N/A | 0.18a | ||||||
| Unemployed | 209 (31.6) | 69 (31.4) | 140 (31.7) | 337 (43.3) | 223 (43.8) | 114 (42.2) | ||||
| Employed | 360 (54.4) | 117 (53.2) | 243 (55.0) | 341 (43.8) | 229 (45.0) | 112 (41.5) | ||||
| Full-time student | 92 (13.9) | 34 (15.4) | 58 (13.1) | 96 (12.3) | 55 (10.8) | 41 (15.2) | ||||
| Retired or other | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 5 (0.6) | 2 (0.4) | 3 (1.1) | ||||
| Income earned last month (USD) | 2.91 | 0.23 | 0.90 | 0.64 | ||||||
| 0–149 | 254 (38.4) | 89 (40.5) | 165 (37.3) | 256 (32.9) | 173 (34.0) | 83 (30.7) | ||||
| 150 or greater | 107 (16.1) | 28 (12.7) | 79 (17.9) | 84 (10.8) | 53 (10.4) | 31 (11.5) | ||||
| No answer, student, or unemployed | 301 (45.5) | 103 (46.8) | 198 (44.8) | 439 (56.3) | 283 (55.6) | 156 (57.8) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 100 (50–150) | 80 (50–150) | ||||||||
| Marital status | 7.74 | 0.02* | 0.34 | 0.84 | ||||||
| Single, never married | 541 (81.7) | 182 (82.7) | 359 (81.2) | 629 (80.8) | 408 (80.1) | 221 (81.9) | ||||
| Married or cohabiting | 51 (7.7) | 9 (4.1) | 42 (9.5) | 47 (6.0) | 32 (6.3) | 15 (5.5) | ||||
| Separated, divorced, or widowed | 70 (10.6) | 29 (13.2) | 41 (9.3) | 103 (13.2) | 69 (13.6) | 34 (12.6) | ||||
| Currently living with a sexual partner | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.0001 | 0.99 | ||||||
| Yes | 90 (13.6) | 27 (12.3) | 63 (14.2) | 130 (16.7) | 85 (16.7) | 45 (16.7) | ||||
| No | 572 (86.4) | 193 (87.7) | 379 (85.8) | 649 (83.3) | 424 (83.3) | 225 (83.3) | ||||
| Regular place to sleep at night | N/A | 0.73a | N/A | 0.76a | ||||||
| Yes | 654 (98.8) | 219 (99.5) | 435 (98.4) | 767 (98.5) | 502 (98.6) | 265 (98.1) | ||||
| No | 8 (1.2) | 1 (0.5) | 7 (1.6) | 12 (1.5) | 7 (1.4) | 5 (1.9) | ||||
| Shelter type | N/A | 0.28a | N/A | 0.75a | ||||||
| House or apartment | 654 (98.8) | 219 (99.5) | 435 (98.4) | 769 (98.7) | 503 (98.8) | 266 (98.5) | ||||
| Other | 8 (1.2) | 1 (0.5) | 7 (1.6) | 10 (1.3) | 6 (1.2) | 4 (1.5) | ||||
| Condom use at last sex with main male partner | 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.47 | 0.49 | ||||||
| Yes | 243 (36.7) | 82 (37.3) | 161 (36.4) | 543 (69.7) | 150 (29.5) | 86 (31.9) | ||||
| No | 419 (63.3) | 138 (62.7) | 281 (63.6) | 236 (30.3) | 359 (70.5) | 184 (68.1) | ||||
| Condom use at last sex with casual male partnerb | 4.72 | 0.03* | 0.32 | 0.57 | ||||||
| Yes | 72 (20.5) | 33 (26.8) | 39 (17.0) | 66 (20.9) | 46 (21.8) | 20 (19.1) | ||||
| No | 280 (79.5) | 90 (73.2) | 190 (83.0) | 250 (79.1) | 165 (78.2) | 85 (80.9) | ||||
*Significant association (p < 0.05)
aFisher’s exact p-value used due to ≥ 25% of cell counts being 5 or below
bAmong those with ≥ 1 casual male partner in last 6 months (Harare: n = 352, Bulawayo: n = 316)