Table 10.
Quantum dot-based nanomaterial in wastewater remediation
| Nanomaterial | Contaminant | Mechanism | Sorption/catalytic capacity | Conditions studied | Cycles | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH | Time | Temp °C | ||||||
| Carbon quantum dots and reduced graphene oxide layers-modified S@g-C3N4/B@g-C3N4 (CRSB) photocatalyst | Chloramphenicol | Photocatalytic degradation | 92.4% | 6 | 120 | 30 | 5 | [639] |
| Graphene quantum dots-ZnO nanocomposites | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 180 | [640] | ||||
| Methyl orange | ||||||||
|
Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots modified with g-C3N4 NCDs/DCN |
Ofloxacin | Photocatalytic degradation | 75.2% | 3.5–7.5 | 120 | [641] | ||
| Bisphenol A | 47.4% | |||||||
| Ciprofloxacin | 75.8% | |||||||
| Cr(VI) | 92.6% | |||||||
| Sulfur-doped carbon quantum dots (S-CQDs)/hollow tubular g-C3N4 photocatalyst (HTCN-C) | Tetracycline | Photocatalytic degradation | 82.67% | 40 | 5 | [642] | ||
| BiOBr/CDs/g-C3N4 composites | Tetracycline | Photocatalytic degradation | 82.7% | 60 | 10 | [643] | ||
| Ciprofloxacin | 81.3% | |||||||
| Nitrogen-doped CDs/g-C3N4 (NCDs) | Indomethacin | Photocatalytic degradation | 91% | 90 | 6 | [644] | ||
| Carbon quantum dots with polydopamine (PDA/CQDs) | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | [645] | |||||
| Orange II | ||||||||
| Graphitic carbon nitride nanorods decorated with graphene quantum dots (GQDs/g-CNNR) | Oxytetracycline | Photocatalytic degradation | 80% | 120 | 5 | [646] | ||
| ZnO sensitized by carbon quantum dots (L-CQDs/ZnO) | Phenol | Photocatalytic degradation | 100% | 330 | 10 | [647] | ||
| SnO2 quantum dots decorated on 2-D material g-C3N4 | Rhodamine B | Photocatalytic degradation | 95% | 60 | [648] | |||
|
SnS2 modified with nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs/SnS2 Composite) |
Cr(VI) | Photocatalytic degradation | 100% | 25 | 6 | [649] | ||
| MnOx quantum dots dispersed on N-doped porous carbon shells (denoted as MnOx/N-HPCS) | Bisphenol A | Photocatalytic degradation | 99% | 20 | 25 | 4 | [650] | |
| Phenylhydrazine-modified carbon quantum dots | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 94.3% | 60 | [651] | |||
| CDs-N-TiO2-x nanocomposite | Cr(VI) | Photocatalytic degradation | 94% | 5.36 | 60 | [652] | ||
| PVA/CQDs | Methylene blue | Sorption | 97% | 12 | 40 | 5 | [653] | |
| Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots with g-C3N4 (NCQD/g-C3N4) | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 91.2% | 180 | 3 | [654] | ||
| Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 93% | 60 | [655] | |||
| α-Bi2O3/C-dots | Indigo carmine | Photocatalytic degradation | 86% | 6 | 120 | 3 | [656] | |
| Levofloxacin | 79% | |||||||
|
Nitrogen-sulfur-doped carbon quantum dots N,S-CQDs/TiO2 nanocomposite |
Diclofenac | Photocatalytic degradation | 62.3% | 120 | [657] | |||
| Carbon quantum dots modified with graphitic carbon nitride | Carbamazepine | Photocatalytic degradation | 100% | 7 | 60 | 25 | 4 | [658] |
| Biomass-derived carbon quantum dots | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 99.5% | 130 | [659] | |||
| SnO2 quantum dot encapsulated carbon nanoflake (SnO2–CNF) | Bisphenol A | Photocatalytic degradation | 98% | 6 | 60 | 3 | [660] | |
| Ag-doped SnO2 quantum dots | Rhodamine B | Photocatalytic degradation | 97.5% | 120 | 7 | [661] | ||
| Bismuth (Bi)-doped tin oxide (SnO2) quantum dots | Rhodamine B | Photocatalytic degradation | 98.2% | 100 | 5 | [662] | ||
| Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride | 92.13% | 90 | ||||||
| NiFe2O4/SQD | Rhodamine B | Photocatalytic degradation | 98% | 105 | [663] | |||
| Carbon quantum dots implanted CdSnanosheets (CQD/CdS-NSs) | Cr(VI) | Photocatalytic degradation | 94% | 10 | 3 | [664] | ||
| SnO2 quantum dot/gold (SQD/Au) nanocomposites | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 99% | 150 | 3 | [665] | ||
| Rhodamine B | 99% | 200 | ||||||
| Methyl orange | 93.5% | 180 | ||||||
| C3N4/AgI/ZnO/CQDs (PGCN) | 2,4-Dinitrophenol | Photocatalytic degradation | 98% | 120 | 10 | [666] | ||
| Ternary carbon quantum dots (CDs)/Bi2MoO6 (BMO)/graphitic carbon nanofibers (GNFs) composites (CDs/BMO/GNFs) | Rhodamine B | Photocatalytic degradation | 99.4% | 70 | [667] | |||
| CeO2 QDs/BiOX (X = Cl, Br) heterojunctions | Tetracycline | Photocatalytic degradation | 97% | 120 | 6 | [668] | ||
| Cr(VI) | ||||||||
| Ag-SnO2 quantum dots(QDs)/silver phosphate (AgSn/AgP) composites | Carbamazepine | Photocatalytic degradation | 63.6% | 120 | 3 | [669] | ||
| Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots capped by L-cysteine (Mn@ZnS/L-cyst) | 4′,5′-Dibromofluorescein dye | Photocatalytic degradation | 97% | 5.5 | 30 | [670] | ||
| Carbon quantum dots modified with chitosan (CH-CQDs) | Cd2+ | Sorption | 112.4 mg/g | 8 | 30 | 25 | [671] | |
| Amine-functionalized graphene quantum dots | Methyl orange | Photocatalytic degradation | 99% | 120 | 4 | [672] | ||
| Graphene quantum dots with silver NPs (GQDs/Ag NPs) | Rhodamine B | Photocatalytic degradation | 540 | [673] | ||||
| Black TiO2−x/N-doped graphene quantum dots (BTNG) | Rhodamine B | Photocatalytic degradation | 100% | 30 | [674] | |||
| Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs)-BiVO4/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction | Tetracycline | Photocatalytic degradation | 91.5% | 30 | 4 | [675] | ||
| Carbon quantum dots/CdS quantum dots/g-C3N4 (CDs/CdS/GCN) photocatalysts | 4-Nitrophenol | Photocatalytic degradation | 95% | 120 | 4 | [676] | ||
| p-type phosphorus-doped graphene quantum dots (P-GQDs) | Methyl orange | Photocatalytic degradation | 95.5% | 14 | [677] | |||
| N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 98% | 150 | [678] | |||
| Bi(III) containing oxides with quantum dots (QDs) | Cl− removal in leachate | 66.1% | 1 | 480 | [679] | |||
| Carbon quantum dots modified potassium titanate nanotubes (CQDs/K2Ti6O13) composite | Amoxicillin | Photocatalytic degradation | 100% | 6 | 90 | 25 | [680] | |
| Nitrogen–phosphorus-doped fluorescent carbon dots (NP-CD) | Cr(VI) | Photocatalytic degradation | 100% | 110 | [681] | |||
| N-doped carbon quantum dots/TiO2 (NCQDs/TiO2) | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 86.9% | 420 | [682] | |||
| ZnS quantum dots | Methyl violet | Photocatalytic degradation | 95% | 12 | 120 | [683] | ||
| Zinc oxide quantum dots/CuO NSs | Tetanus toxin | Photocatalytic degradation | Up to 90% | 25 | [684] | |||
| (CdS–CdSe)/TiO2-NTAs | Methyl orange | Photocatalytic degradation | 95.1 | 120 | 3 | [685] | ||
| ZnS quantum dots impregnated-mesoporous TiO2 nanospheres | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 100% | 32 | [686] | |||
| CdTeSe Quantum Dots (QDs) | Rhodamine B | 61% | 12 | 1440 | [687] | |||
| Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) infilled titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays (NTAs) hybrid | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 99.8% | 180 | 10 | [688] | ||
| Cadmium selenide/graphene quantum dots (CdSe/GQDs) | Methylene blue | Sonocatalytic degradation | 99% | 9 | 90 | 5 | [689] | |
| Graphene quantum dots | Oxamyl | Sorption | 125 mg/g | 8 | 25 | 20 | [690] | |
| N-doped reduced graphene quantum dots | Rhodamine B | Sorption | 24.62 mg/g | 7 | 720 | [691] | ||
| Fe3O4/hydroxyapatite/graphene quantum dots (Fe3O4/HAP/GQDs) | Methyl orange | ICP-AES | 37.99 mg/g | 7 | [692] | |||
| Methylene blue | 15.35 mg/g | |||||||
| Cu | 83–104% | |||||||
| Layered double hydroxide–carbon dot composite | Methyl blue | Sorption | 185 mg/g | 60 | 25 | [693] | ||
| CQDs@PAFPnanobiosorbent | U(VI) | Sorption | 95–98% | 5 | 4 | [694] | ||
| Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) immobilized onto the NiFe2O4-halloysite nanotubes (NiFe2O4-HNTs) | Pb(II) | Sorption | 42.02 mg/g | 25 | [695] | |||
| PVA/CMC-B@GO/Fe3O4/GQD (L) | Methylene blue | Sorption | 1000 mg | 8 | 240 | 4 | [696] | |