Table 2.
Graphene-based nanomaterial in wastewater remediation
| Nanomaterial | Contaminant | Mechanism | Sorption/catalytic capacity | Conditions studied | Cycles | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH | Time | Temp °C | ||||||
| Graphene oxide | Metformin | Sorption | 122.61 mg/g | 6.2 | 180 | 20 | 6 | [251] |
| Reduced graphene oxide nanosheets doped with Cu | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 91% | 80 | [252] | |||
| Nickel(II) hydroxide (Ni(OH)2)-decorated graphene oxide (GO) and modified titania (TiO2) nanocomposite (Ni(OH)2/GO/TiO2) | 2-Chlorophenol | Photocatalytic degradation | 80% | 6 | 240 | [253] | ||
| Iron oxide/graphene oxide nanohybrid | 2,4-Dichlorophenol | Sorption | 96.5% | [254] | ||||
| Reduced graphene oxide-CuO/ZnO (rGO-CuO/ZnO) | 4-Nitroaniline | Catalytic degradation | 98% | 10 | 4 | [255] | ||
| Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) grafted graphene oxide | Cd | Sorption | 89% | 7 | 30 | 25 | [256] | |
| Polyaniline-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide composites (PANI-g-MGOs) | Cd(II) | Sorption | 7.63 × 10−4 | 7 | 25 | [257] | ||
| Phenol | 2.87 × 10−3 | |||||||
| Surface-tailored graphene oxide paper | Methylene blue | Sorption | 311 mg/g | [258] | ||||
| Methyl orange | 340 mg/g | |||||||
| Silver nanoparticles immobilized on graphene oxide nanosheets | Methylene blue | Sorption | 633 mg/g | 9 | 90 | 27 | 4 | [259] |
| Magnetic graphene oxide (Fe3O4/SiO2-GO) | Cd(II) | Sorption | 128.2 mg/g | 5 | 40 | 25 | 12 | [260] |
| Pb(II) | 385.1 mg/g | |||||||
| Silver incorporated reduced graphene oxide sheets (Ag@rGO) | Methylene blue | Photocatalytic degradation | 100% | 120 | [261] | |||
| Magnetic graphene oxide composite (CoFe2O4/GO) | Methylene blue | Sorption | 355.9 mg/g | 400 | 4 | [262] | ||
| Rhodamine B | 284.9 mg/g | |||||||
| Methyl orange | 53 mg/g | |||||||
| Magnetic graphene oxide-titanate composites (MGO@TNs) | Pb(II) | Sorption | 322.7 mg/g | 5 | 180 | 6 | [263] | |
| Magnetic porous reduced graphene oxide (MPrGO) | Triclosan | Sorption | 1105.8 mg/g | 3 | 5 | [264] | ||
| Yttrium-immobilized-graphene oxide-alginate hydrogel (Y-GO-SA) | As(V) | Sorption | 273.39 mg/g | 5 | 20 | 4 | [265] | |
| Tetracycline | 477.9 mg/g | |||||||
| Graphene oxide | Trichloromethane | Photocatalytic degradation | 99.6% | 5 | [266] | |||
| Graphene oxide/aminated lignin aerogels (GALA) | Malachite green | Sorption | 113.5 mg/g | 8 | 600 | 25 | [267] | |
| Polyethersulfone-functionalized GO (PES-fGO) | Fe2+ | Sorption | 97.1% | [268] | ||||
| Zn2+ | 95.3% | |||||||
| Cd2+ | 92.7% | |||||||
| Cr6+ | 99.9% | |||||||
| Amine-graphene oxide composite (pssN-GO) | Cr(VI) | Sorption | 260.74 mg/g | 3 | [269] | |||
| Graphene oxide with lanthanum substituted manganese ferrites (LMFx%@GO) | Perfluorooctanoic acid | Sorption | 1.61 mg/g | 3 | 1440 | 25 | [270] | |
| Graphene-based hydrogel (Fe3O4/RGO/PAM hydrogel) | Rhodamine B | Photocatalytic degradation | 90% | 4.5 | 60 | 10 | [271] | |
| Graphene oxide wrapped magnetite nano-clusters (Fe3O4@GO) | Methylene blue | Sorption | 131.10 mg/g | 8 | 400 | 30 | [272] | |
| Rhodamine B | 34.5 mg/g | |||||||
| Methyl orange | 39.95 g/g | |||||||
| Reduced graphene oxide | Methylene blue | Sorption | 2.6 g/g | [273] | ||||
| Congo red | 7.6 g/g | |||||||
| Lemon yellow | 3.2 g/g | |||||||
| Cd2+ | 8.4 g/g | |||||||
| Pb2+ | 17.9 g/g | |||||||
| Graphene-based monolith using magnesium ascorbylphosphate (MAP/GBM) | Bisphenol A | Sorption | 324 mg/g | 7 | 2880 | 25 | 5 | [274] |
| Biochar supported reduced graphene oxide (RGO-BC) | Pb2+ | Sorption | 26.10 mg/g | 1440 | 4 | [275] | ||
| Atrazine | 67.55 mg/g | |||||||
| Sodium bisulfate reduced graphene oxide aerogels (S-rGO) | Tetrabromobisphenol A | Sorption | 128.37 mg/g | 7 | 25 | 5 | [276] | |
| Biochar-graphene nanosheets composites | Dimethyl phthalate | Sorption | 30.78 mg/g | 2880 | [277] | |||
|
Diethyl Phthalate |
23.86 mg/g | |||||||
| Dibutyl phthalate | 21.98 mg/g | |||||||
| Graphene oxide nanosheets | 17β-Estradiol (E2) | Sorption | 149.4 mg/g | 7 | 480 | 25 | 5 | [278] |
| Graphene oxide metal–organic framework nanocomposite (GO-MOF) | Methylene blue | Sorption | 97% | 15 | 4 | [279] | ||
| Cadmium sulfide reduced graphene oxide (CdS-RGO) | Rhodamine B | Sorption | 97.2% | 4 | [280] | |||
| Acid chrome blue K | 65.7% | |||||||
| Nickel ferrite-reduced graphene oxide (NFRGO) | Pb(II) | Sorption | 99% | [281] | ||||
| Graphene oxide/silver nanocomposite (GO-Ag) | Malachite green | Sorption | 143 mg/g | 25 | 30 | 4 | [282] | |
| Ethyl violet | 72 mg/g | |||||||
| Graphene oxide-polydopamine-(β-cyclodextrin) (GPC) | Pb(II) | Sorption | 101.6 mg/g | 6 | 160 | 5 | [283] | |
| Methylene blue | 99.2% | |||||||
| Silver/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (Ag/rGO) | Methyl orange | Photocatalytic degradation | 90% | 5.5 | 45 | 3 | [284] | |
| Graphene oxide/gold nanocomposite (GO-Ag) | Malachite green | Sorption | 1000 mg/g | 25 | 4 | [285] | ||
| Ethyl violet | 13.3 mg/g | |||||||
| Silica-magnetic nanoparticle-decorated graphene oxide (GO-MNPs-SiO2) | Naproxen | Sorption | 31 mg/g | 5 | 60 | [286] | ||
| Magnetic chitosan-graphene oxide composite (mÇ-GO) | Acid red 17 | Sorption | 79% | 6 | 60 | 25 | 5 | [287] |
| Bromophenol blue | 97% | 2 | ||||||
| Reduced graphene oxide | Pb(II) | Sorption | 96.6% | 4.5 | 120 | 30 | 5 | [288] |
| Graphene oxide nanoflakes | Phenolic compound | Sorption | 19-30 mg/g | 300 | [289] | |||
| Magnetic chitosan/graphene oxide biosorbent | Cu2+ | Sorption | 217.4 mg/g | 8 | 70 | 5 | [290] | |
| Graphene oxide sheets decorated with polyaniline nanofibers (GO-PANI) | Zn(II) | Sorption | 297.62 mg/g | 7 | 20 | 25 | 3 | [291] |
| Graphene oxide (GO) | Cu2+ | Sorption | 97% | 6 | 60 | 25 | 5 | [292] |
| Functionalized graphene oxide (GO-COOH) | 99.4% | |||||||
|
Cobalt oxide nanoparticles incorporated reduced graphene oxide A-rGO/Co3O4 |
Rhodamine B | Sorption | 102.9 mg/g | 12 | 300 | 20 | [293] | |
| Palladium supported reduced graphene oxide (Pd NPs/RGO) | 4-Nitrophenol | Catalytic reduction | 97% | 1 | 8 | [294] | ||
| Rhodamine B | ||||||||
| Methylene blue | ||||||||
| Graphene oxide/cellulose hydrogel | Methylene blue | Sorption | 100% | 7 | 15 | 25 | 3 | [295] |
| Rhodamine B | 90% | |||||||
| GO/polyethylenimine (PEI) hydrogels | Methylene blue | Sorption | 323.9 mg/g | 250 | 25 | [296] | ||
| Rhodamine B | 114.4 mg/g | |||||||
| Polyacrylic acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles/graphene oxide composite | Methylene blue | Sorption | 291 mg/g | 7 | 1440 | 5 | [297] | |
| Poly(amidoamine)-functionalized graphene oxide (PAMAM-GO) | Se(IV) | Sorption | 60.9 mg/g | 6 | [298] | |||
| Se(VI) | 77.9 mg/g | |||||||
| Graphene oxide nanosorbents | Pb(II) | Sorption | 100% | 8 | [299] | |||
| Cr(VI) | ||||||||
| Ni(II) | ||||||||
| P25/silver orthophosphate/graphene oxide (P25/Ag3PO4/GO) ternary composite | Rhodamine B | Photocatalytic degradation | 95% | 60 | 5 | [300] | ||
| Graphene oxide/magnesium oxide composite | Methylene blue | Sorption | 833 mg/g | 11 | 20 | [301] | ||
| Polysulfone-graphene oxide-based porous membranes | Ofloxacin, benzophenone-3, rhodamine B, diclofenac and Triton X-100 | Sorption | 90% | 1440 | 3 | [302] | ||
| Graphene oxide | Levofloxacin | Sorption | 256.6 mg/g | [303] | ||||
| Pb2+ | 227.2 mg/g | |||||||
| Poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid)/carboxylate graphene oxide nanosheets (PVA/PAA/GO-COOH) | Methylene blue | Sorption | 25.91 mg/g | 300 | 10 | [304] | ||
| Rhodamine B | 6.75 mg/g | |||||||
| Congo red | 9.62 mg/g | |||||||
| Reduced graphene oxide | Methylene blue | Sorption | 746 mg/g | 20 | [305] | |||
| 4-Aminodiphenylamine-modified graphene oxide | Toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-,o-xylene | Sorption | 1.5–3.7 mg/g | 4 | 5 | 23 | 7 | [306] |
| Dithiocarbamate-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-DTC) | Basic blue 41 | Sorption | 128.5 mg/g | 4.5 | 60 | 25 | 3 | [307]] |
| Basic red 46 | 111 mg/g | |||||||
| Magnetic chitosan-coated graphene oxide (Fe3O4©-GO) | Methyl violet | Sorption | 11.5 mg/g | 10 | 60 | 25 | 4 | [308] |
| Alizarin yellow R | 6.7 mg/g | 6 | ||||||
| Ag3PO4/graphene-oxide (Ag3PO4/GO) composite | Methyl orange | Photocatalytic degradation | 86.7% | 30 | [309] | |||
| Rhodamine B | 100% | |||||||
| Polydopamine-kaoline with reduced graphene oxide (PDA-rGO-kaoline) | Methylene blue | Sorption | 39.66 mg/g | 7 | 27 | 5 | [310] | |