. 2022 Aug 11;380(5):44. doi: 10.1007/s41061-022-00397-3

Table 4.

Metal oxide nanomaterial in wastewater remediation

Nanomaterial	Contaminant	Mechanism	Sorption/catalytic capacity	Conditions studied			Cycles	References
Nanomaterial	Contaminant	Mechanism	Sorption/catalytic capacity	pH	Time	Temp °C	Cycles	References
Magnetic nanoparticles composite with silestone and biochar (MNPs/EDB/SS)	Cd	Sorption	117.38 mg/g	8	120	25		[385]
Magnetic nanoparticles activated with biochar (QBC/MNPs)	Cr(VI)	Sorption	77.35 mg/g	4	180		5	[386]
Magnetic nanoparticles	Cd(II)	Sorption	42.3 mg/g	6				[387]
	Pb(II)		42.5 mg/g
	Zn(II)		42.9 mg/g
Magnetic nanoparticles coated with surfactants (MNPs-CPC)	Sb(V)	Sorption	113.63 mg/g	4.3		25		[388]
Magnetite-functionalized boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS-Fe₃O₄)	As(III)	Sorption	30.3 mg/g	8	500		5	[389]
Iron oxide incorporated with mesoporous biochar	Ofloxacin	Sorption	19.74 mg/g	6	300	25	5	[390]
Monolayers of N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane onto magnetic nanoparticles (MSM)	Cr(VI)	Sorption	8 mg/g	4	120		5	[391]
Magnetite
M1	Pb & Cd	Sorption	408.14 and 228.05 mg/g	6	1440	56	6	[392]
M2			331.40 and 170.86 mg/g
M3			178.47 and 83.49 mg/g
Magnesium-doped magnetic nanoparticles	As(V)	Sorption	33.71 mg/g	8–11		25	5	[393]
Magnetic nanoparticles embedded Gum-ghatti-graft-poly(4-acryloylmorpholine) hydrogel (Ggh-g-PAcM/Fe₃O₄)	Methylene blue	Sorption	116.8 mg/g	7	45	30	1	[394]
	Rhodamine B		137.8 mg/g
	Cu(II)		249.9 mg/g
	H(II)		235.1 mg/g
Three-dimensional (3D) magnetic bacterial cellulose nanofiber/graphene oxide polymer aerogel (MBCNF/GOPA)	Malachite green	Sorption	270 mg/g	12	25	25	8	[395]
Chitosan coated magnetic nanoparticles	Copper	Sorption	1.03 mg/g	6	90		5	[396]
	Chromium		0.20 mg/g
	Arsenic		0.04 mg/g
	Phenol		0.56 mg/g
Tin magnetic nanocomposites (Sn-CCMN)	Alizarin yellow	Sorption	92%	7	120	25	4	[397]
ZnO-magnetic/ZSM-5	Disperse blue 56	Sorption	6.23 mg/g	3	15		5	[398]
NiFe₂O₄-COF-chitosan-terephthalaldehyde nanocomposites film (NCCT)	Tetracycline	Sorption	388.52 mg/g	8			6	[399]
	Cefotaxime	Sorption	309.26 mg/g	4			6	[399]
Magnetic magnetite nanoparticles	Boron	Sorption	4.57 mmol/g	5	300	45	3	[400]
Biochar-modified iron oxide nanoparticles (MBC)	Caffeine	Sorption	75.1 ± 1.8 mg/g	8	5	35	5	[401]
	Ibuprofen		39.9 ± 1.2 mg/g
	Acetylsalicylic acid		149.9 ± 4.5 mg/g
SnFe₂O₄/ZnFe₂O₄ Heterojunctions	Tetracycline	Photocatalytic degradation	93.2%		120		4	[402]
g-C₃N₄/NiO/ZnO/Fe₃O₄ nanohybrid	Esomeprazole	Photocatalytic degradation	95%	6	70		5	[403]
N-doped TiO₂/SiO₂-based nanomagnetic photocatalyst (N-TiO₂@SiO₂@Fe₃O₄)	Paraquat (PQ; 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride)	Photocatalytic degradation	85%	6	180		8	[404]
TiO₂-loaded magnetic MOFs composite (TiO₂/mag-MIL-101(Cr))	Bisphenol F	Photocatalytic degradation	90%		60		5	[405]
TiO₂-loaded magnetic MOFs composite (TiO₂/mag-MIL-101(Cr))	Acid red 1	Photocatalytic degradation	90%		60		5	[405]
Magnetic Fe₃O₄/ZnWO₄/CeVO₄ nanoparticles	Methyl violet	Photocatalytic degradation	90%					[406]
Magnetic Fe₃O₄/ZnWO₄/CeVO₄ nanoparticles	Methylene blue	Photocatalytic degradation	70%					[406]
TiO₂@ZnFe₂O₄/Pd nanocomposite	Diclofenac	Photocatalytic degradation	86.1%	4	120		5	[407]
Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin-modified Fe₃O₄@TiO_{2 (}CMCD-Fe₃O₄@TiO₂)	Polychlorinated biphenyl	Photocatalytic degradation	83%		16	25	5	[408]
ZnFe₂O₄@TiO₂/Cu nanocomposite	Naproxen	Photocatalytic degradation	80.73%	4	120		5	[409]
Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNP)	Nitrobenzene	Photocatalytic degradation	73.13%	2	120	25		[410]
Lanthanum substituted spinel ferrite (La_xMnFe_2-xO₄) nanoparticles	Crystal violet dye	Photocatalytic degradation	95%		90			[411]
Fe₃O₄/TiO₂/CuO nanoparticle	Methylene blue	Photocatalytic degradation	99%	7	22		4	[412]
TiO₂ magnetic nanoparticles (T-MNPs)	Ceftazide	Photocatalytic ozonation	75.5%	11	15		6	[413]
Core/shell nanocomposite of phosphomolybdic acid immobilized on magnetic alumina (Fe₃O₄@Al₂O₃-PMo)	Cibacron brilliant yellow	Photocatalytic degradation	90%	7.2	240		5	[414]
Surface-modified hematite NPs (α-Fe₂O₃ NP_s)	Pb²⁺	Sorption	111 mg/g	6.5	120	25		[415]
Hematite iron oxide NPs α-Fe₂O₃	Malachite green	Sorption	86.13%		45			[416]
Hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles	Cr⁶⁺	Sorption			30			[417]
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with embedded hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) NPs PAN/Fe₂O₃@Fe₂O₃ nanofibers	As(V)	Sorption	5 mg/g	6				[418]
	Cu(II)		19 mg/g
	Cr(VI)		3.9 mg/g
Disc-like hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) NPs	Ni²⁺	Sorption	62.5 mg/g	6				[419]
Disc-like hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) NPs	Cd²⁺	Sorption	200 mg/g	6				[419]
Hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) NPs	Cu²⁺	Sorption	105 ± 7 mg/g	6–9.5	300			[420]
	Ni²⁺		104 ± 7 mg/g
	Co²⁺		80 ± 6 mg/g
	Cd²⁺		96 ± 7 mg/g
	Pb²⁺		100 ± 0.6 mg/g
Hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) NPs	Rose Bengal dye	Sorption	1810 mg/g	5		30		[421]
Nano-α-Fe₂O₃ NPs	Co-60	Sorption	142.86 mg/g	6.5	120	25		[422]
Hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) NPs	Crystal violet	Sorption	100%		30			[423]
Hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) NPs	Methylene blue	Sorption	100%		40			[423]
Hematite/lignosulfonate composite (HLS)	Cd(II)	Sorption	39.03–53.65 mg/g		200			[424]
Mesoporous maghemite NPs γ-Fe₂O₃	Methylene blue	Sorption	36 mg/g	10				[425]
Maghemite nanoparticles coated Bacillus subtilis	Cd²⁺	Sorption	32.6 mg/g	4	60	30		[426]
Starch-functionalized maghemite nanoparticles (γ-Fe₂O₃@starch)	As(III)	Sorption	8.60 mg/g	2–9				[427]
Montmorillonite-based magnetic nanoparticles (Mt@MH)	Pb(II)	Sorption	38.15 mg/g	6.5	480	25	5	[428]
Montmorillonite-based magnetic nanoparticles (Mt@MH)	As(V)	Sorption	19.10 mg/g	3.5	480	25	5	[428]
Novel nanoadsorbents based on core–shell bimagnetic nanoparticles (CoFe₂O₄@ɣ-Fe₂O₃)	Cr(VI)	Sorption	15.6 mg/g	2.5	20	25	3	[429]
Chitosan coated iron oxide nanoparticles	Cr(VI)	Sorption	162.54 mg/g	3.7	21.84		7	[430]
Al-doped nano-TiO₂	Methylene blue	Photocatalytic degradation	85%		30			[431]
TiO₂	CN	Photocatalytic degradation	80%	10				[432]
TiO₂	Cr(VI)	Photocatalytic degradation	80%	2.3				[432]
TiO₂-coated glass sheet	Methylene blue	Photocatalytic degradation	93%	11	60		20	[433]
TiO₂ deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET-TiO₂)	Carbendazim (CBZ)	Photocatalytic degradation	80%					[434]
TiO₂ deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET-TiO₂)	Caffeine (CAF)	Photocatalytic degradation	80%					[434]
g-C₃N₄ nanosheets implanted TiO₂ nanotube (TCNs)	Tetracycline	Photocatalytic degradation	100%		120			[435]
Zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs)	Methylene blue	Photocatalytic degradation	100%	7	60	25		[436]
Zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs)	Rhodamine B	Photocatalytic degradation	100%	7	50	25		[436]
Zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs)	Dibenzothiophene (DBT)	Photocatalytic degradation	97%	7	180		5	[437]
Zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs)	Rhodamine B	Photocatalytic degradation	98%		200			[438]
Cobalt oxide NPs (CoNPs)	Direct yellow-142	Catalytic reduction	93.37%		60			[439]
Cobalt oxide NPs (CoNPs)	Methyl orange	Catalytic reduction	96.24%		60			[439]
Magnetic cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CONP)	Malachite green	Sorption	238.10 mg/g	7	120		4	[440]
Cobalt ferrite composite nanoparticles (CoFe₂O₄)	Acid black 1	Photocatalytic degradation	80%		120			[441]
Cobalt ferrite composite nanoparticles (CoFe₂O₄)	Reactive red 4	Photocatalytic degradation	61%		105			[441]
Copper-doped ZrO₂ NPs	Methyl orange	Photocatalytic degradation	98%		100			[442]
Copper oxide NPs (CuO NPs)	Nile blue	Photocatalytic degradation	93%		120			[443]
Copper oxide NPs (CuO NPs)	Reactive yellow 160	Photocatalytic degradation	81%		120			[443]
Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs)	Ciprofloxacin	Sorption	99.8%	3	100	25		[444]
Zinc oxide nanoparticles impregnated Pea peels (ZnONPs-IPPs)	Chlorpyrifos	Sorption	47.846 mg/g	2	60	30–50		[445]
Zinc oxide NPs	Methylene blue	Photocatalytic degradation	80%		120			[446]
Chitosan-zinc sulfide nanoparticles (CS-ZnS-NPs)	Acid brown 98	Photocatalytic degradation	92.6%	6	165	33	4	[447]
Chitosan-zinc sulfide nanoparticles (CS-ZnS-NPs)	Acid black 234	Photocatalytic degradation	96.7%	7	100	33	4	[447]
CoCrFeO₄ oxide chitosan-composite beads (CoCrFeO₄-CB)	Acid black	Photocatalytic degradation	100%		120	35	5	[448]
	Acid brown		93%
	Congo red		85%
SnO₂ NPs	Methylene blue	Photocatalytic degradation	64.42%		120			[449]
Sodium iron disulfide (NaFeS₂)	Methylene blue	Photocatalytic degradation	97%		105			[450]
Sodium iron disulfide (NaFeS₂)	Indigo carmine	Photocatalytic degradation	99%		45			[450]
Binary titanium oxides (Sm₂Ti₂O₇)	Rhodamine B dye	Photocatalytic degradation	94%		80			[451]