Table 7.
Zero-valent metal-based nanomaterial in wastewater remediation
| Nanomaterial | Contaminant | Mechanism | Sorption/catalytic capacity | Conditions studied | Cycles | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH | Time | Temp °C | ||||||
| Zero-valent iron/Fe3O4/Fe(II) system (hZVI) | Molybdate | Sorption | 97% | 2880 | [537] | |||
| Sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) | Molybdate | Sorption | 98.2% | 7 | 60 | 25 | [538] | |
| Zero-valent iron combined with petroleum coke (CZVI) | Organic compound | Sorption | 90.9% | 8.5 | 3360 | [539] | ||
| Zero-valent iron (Fe0) supported by activated carbon (NZVI/AC) | Molybdenum (Mo) | Sorption | 90% | 4.5 | 540 | 25 | [540] | |
| Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles | Metronidazole (MNZ) | Sorption | 99% | 5 | 5 | [541] | ||
| Iron-nickel | Tributyl phosphate | Degradation | 100% | 100 | [542] | |||
| Zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) | Microcontaminants | Degradation | [543] | |||||
| Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) supported on layered double hydroxide (LDH) composite (LDH@nZVI) | U(VI) | Sorption | 176 mg/g | 5 | 300 | 25 | 6 | [544] |
| Zero-valent iron (ZVI) | Heavy metals | Sorption | Up to 99% | [545] | ||||
| Nanoscale zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) | Plutonium | 77% | 6 | 240 | [546] | |||
| Uranium | 99% | |||||||
| Zero-valent iron nanoparticle (nZVI) | Citric acid | Degradation | Upto 90% | 120 | [547] | |||
| Tartaric acid | ||||||||
| Oxalic acid | ||||||||
| Nanoscale zero-valent iron composite (AT-nZVI) | Cr(VI) | Sorption | 90.6% | 840 | [548] | |||
| Nanosized zero-valent iron (nZVI) | Co2+ | Sorption | 172 mg/g | 1440 | 8 | [549] | ||
| Nanoscale zero-valent iron (SBC-nZVI) | Cr(VI) | Sorption | 100% | 3 | 180 | [550] | ||
| ZVI-based Fenton oxidation processes (ZVI-ZVI/H2O2) | 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) | Degradation | 81.3 ± 3.6% | 7.2 | 360 | [551] | ||
| 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) | 80.6 ± 1.8% | |||||||
| 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) | 90.9 ± 3.5% | |||||||
| Nanoscale zero-valent copper (nZVC) | Azo dyes | Photocatalytic degradation | Up to 90% | 240 | [552] | |||
| Zero-valent copper (ZVC) | Diethyl phthalate (DEP) | Degradation | 120 | 2.5 | [553] | |||
| Zero-valent copper-catalyzed peroxymonosulfate system | Naproxen | Degradation | Up to 100% | 3–7 | 10 | 25 | [554] | |
| Bisphenol S | ||||||||
| Ibuprofen | ||||||||
| Ozone assisted with Cu(0) | Aniline | Degradation | 98% | 24 | [555] | |||
| Zero-valent copper nanoparticles (nZVC) | Reactive blue 4 | Photocatalytic degradation | 90% | 15 | 25 | [556] | ||
| Zero-valent copper (ZVC)/O2/STPP system | p-nitrophenol (PNP) | Photocatalytic degradation | 100% | 8.1 | 120 | [557] | ||
| Zero-valent aluminum (ZVAl)–acid system | Bisphenol A (BPA) | Photocatalytic degradation | 75% | 1.5 | 720 | [558] | ||
| Zero-valent aluminum | Cr(VI) | Photocatalytic degradation | 80% | 45 | 5 | [559] | ||