Table 9.

Silica-based nanomaterials in wastewater remediation

Nanomaterial	Contaminant	Mechanism	Sorption/catalytic capacity	Conditions studied			Cycles	References
				pH	Time	Temp °C
Mesoporous silica	Co2+	Sorption	89%	7	480			[595]
Silica coated β-cyclodextrin polymeric adsorbent	17β-estradiol	Sorption	90%	6.1–6.8	2880		4	[596]
Magnetic silica microrods (R-Fe3O4@SiO2)	Cu(II)	Sorption	322.58 mg/g		30			[597]
	Pb(II)		346.02 mg/g
	Cr(III)		384.62 mg/g
	Zn(II)		308.64 mg/g
	Co(II)		316.46 mg/g
Ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) incorporated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)	Methylene blue	Sorption	14.5 mg/g				5	[598]
	Cu(II)		1.5 mg/g
Corn cob silica-alginate beads	Phenol	Sorption	93%		5760			[599]
CuO/ZrO2–MCM-41 (CuO@ZM-41)	Cr6+	Photocatalytic degradation	100%		30			[600]
Iron-incorporated mesoporous silica	Tetracycline	Sorption	155.76 mg/g	5–7	800	25		[601]
Amino-functionalized SBA-15-NH2 ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) materials	Ampicillin	Sorption	333 mg/g	7.4	1500	25		[602]
Silica (SiO2)-decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) sponge	Oil	Sorption	100%				10	[603]
Mesoporous silica (AMS)	Cd(II)	Sorption	11.54 mg/g	5			5	[604]
	Pb(II)		8.59 mg/g
Diamine-functionalized mesoporous silica on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NN-mSiO2@MWCNTs)	Cu(II)	Sorption	66.57 mg/g	6.2		25		[605]
All-silica zeolite beta	Perfluorinated compounds	Sorption						[606]
3D organized mesoporous silica (OMS)	As(V)	Sorption	55 mg/g	5				[607]
Silica gel	Polychlorinated diphenyl sulfides (PCDPSs)	Degradation	75.6%	11				[608]
Silica gel modified with p-toluidine formaldehyde resin	Cr(VI)	Sorption	43.47 mg/g	1	300	50		[609]
Silica mesoporous materials of MCM-48 type	Safranin dye	Sorption	62.5 mg/g					[610]