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. 2022 Aug 11;12:13665. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17878-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Violin plots showing the statistical distribution of the vulnerability index in urban and rural areas. Statistical details are provided in Supplementary Table S8. The vertical black line indicates the range (maximum and minimum) of the vulnerability index. The width of water-drop pink areas indicates the density distribution of the vulnerability index; a wider width means more spatial units (SA1s) concentrate in that vulnerability index. The red dot indicates the mean of the vulnerability index and the vertical red line represents 95% confidence intervals. X axis presents the ACT as urban space together with seven states which were divided into urban and rural space. The ranges of the vulnerability index across are substantially different urban and rural space. In Victoria and Tasmania, the vulnerability index in urban areas (e.g., Melbourne: − 15.260 to 51.240) have wider ranges than that in its rural areas; while in other states (e.g., New South Wales, Queensland, and West Australia), the vulnerability index in urban areas (e.g., Sydney: − 14.038 to 33.238), have wider ranges than the vulnerability index in rural areas (Supplementary Table S8).