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. 2022 Aug 11;12:13665. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17878-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The enlarged capital city map showing the most vulnerable areas highly risky in earthquakes. Hobart and Brisbane have no earthquake-affected areas. The most vulnerable areas highly risky in earthquakes (dark blue areas) appear in the southwest of ACT, the south coastal areas of Melbourne along the Western Port Bay as well as occupy the major areas of Adelaide; while the highly vulnerable areas in the east of Perth, the south of Sydney and the south of Darwin though they are not subject to high levels of earthquake risks. In addition, there are no earthquake-affected areas Hobart and Brisbane. The spatial patterns of most vulnerable areas highly risky in wildfire and flood are displayed in Supplementary Figs. S8 and S9; the names of these vulnerable areas are detailed in Supplementary Note 5 and Table S10.