Table 3.
Secondary outcomes (secondary outcomes for the 3 group at all 3 time points).
| Baseline | Week 6 | Week 12 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Active comparators (n = 1,177) |
Placebo comparators (n = 1,161) |
Yoga practitioners (n = 4,554) |
P -Value |
Active comparators (n = 218) |
Placebo comparators (n = 228) |
Yoga practitioners (n = 2,745) |
P -Value |
Active comparators (n = 163) |
Placebo comparators (n = 171) |
Yoga practitioners (n = 2,366) |
P -Value | |
| Measures of negative affect a | ||||||||||||
| PHQ anxiety score, No. (%) | (n = 1,173)d | (n = 1,156) | (n = 4,547) | <0.0001 | (n = 204) | (n = 218) | (n = 2,654) | <0.0001 | (n = 144) | (n = 154) | (n = 2,088) | <0.0001 |
| None | 982 (83.7) | 958 (82.9) | 4,314 (94.9) | 182 (89.2) | 198 (90.8) | 2,572 (96.9) | 133 (92.4) | 140 (90.9) | 2,039 (97.7) | |||
| Mild | 154 (13.1) | 162 (14.0) | 192 (4.2) | 17 (8.3) | 16 (7.3) | 76 (2.9) | 10 (6.9) | 13 (8.4) | 44 (2.1) | |||
| Moderate | 37 (3.2) | 36 (3.1) | 41 (0.9) | 5 (2.5) | 4 (1.8) | 6 (0.2) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 5 (0.2) | |||
| PHQ depression score, No. (%) | (n = 1,173) | (n = 1,156) | (n = 4,547) | <0.0001 | (n = 204) | (n = 218) | (n = 2,654) | 0.0003 | (n = 144) | (n = 154) | (n = 2,088) | 0.051 |
| None | 999 (85.2) | 993 (85.9) | 4,224 (92.9) | 185 (90.7) | 201 (92.2) | 2,541 (95.7) | 135 (93.8) | 144 (93.5) | 2,012 (96.4) | |||
| Mild | 159 (13.6) | 145 (12.5) | 294 (6.5) | 17 (8.3) | 16 (7.3) | 106 (4.0) | 9 (6.3) | 10 (6.5) | 74 (3.5) | |||
| Moderate | 15 (1.3) | 18 (1.6) | 29 (0.6) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 7 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | |||
| Measures of positive affect b | ||||||||||||
| Warwick-Edinburgh wellbeing | (n = 1,169) | (n = 1,146) | (n = 4,539) | <0.0001 | (n = 195) | (n = 216) | (n = 2,623) | <0.0001 | (n = 139) | (n = 152) | (n = 2,053) | <0.0001 |
| scale score, median (IQR) | 50 (43, 56) | 50 (43, 56) | 56 (51, 61) | 53 (47, 58) | 52 (45, 57.5) | 56 (52, 62) | 55 (48, 60) | 53 (46, 58) | 56 (53, 62) | |||
| DPES score, median (IQR) | (n = 1,175) | (n = 1,154) | (n = 4,548) | <0.0001 | (n = 200) | (n = 217) | (n = 2,650) | <0.0001 | (n = 144) | (n = 153) | (n = 2,079) | <0.0001 |
| 5 (4.2, 5.7) | 5 (4.3, 5.7) | 5.5 (4.8, 6.2) | 5 (4.5, 5.8) | 5 (4.2, 5.8) | 5.7 (5, 6.2) | 5.2 (4.4, 5.9) | 5 (4.3, 5.7) | 5.7 (5, 6.2) | ||||
| BRS score, median (IQR) | (n = 1,169) | (n = 1,151) | (n = 4,542) | <0.0001 | (n = 198) | (n = 217) | (n = 2,639) | 0.21 | (n = 140) | (n = 153) | (n = 2,064) | 0.20 |
| 2 (1.8, 2.3) | 2 (1.8, 2.3) | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | 2 (2, 2.2) | 2 (1.8, 2.2) | ||||
| Mindfulness scores c | ||||||||||||
| MAAS score, median (IQR) | (n = 1,170) | (n = 1,153) | (n = 4,545) | <0.0001 | (n = 200) | (n = 217) | (n = 2,642) | <0.0001 | (n = 143) | (n = 153) | (n = 2,067) | <0.0001 |
| 4.2 (3.4, 5) | 4.2 (3.2, 5) | 4.8 (4, 5.2) | 4.6 (3.8, 5.2) | 4.4 (3.6, 5.2) | 4.8 (4.2, 5.4) | 4.8 (4, 5.4) | 4.6 (3.6, 5.2) | 5 (4.2, 5.4) | ||||
| COVID positive participants only | ||||||||||||
| Post-Traumatic growth | (n = 5) | (n = 7) | (n=20) | 0.28 | (n = 1) | (n = 1) | (n = 12) | 0.62 | (n = 1) | (n = 3) | (n = 26) | 0.68 |
| inventory score, median (IQR) | 65 (11, 68) | 63 (45, 84) | 72.5 (53.5, 86.5) | 56 (56, 56) | 54 (54, 54) | 78.5 (52, 83.5) | 48 (48, 48) | 73 (28, 76) | 72.5 (48, 81) | |||
a
Decline in scores suggests successful impact of meditation practices,
b
Increase in scores suggests successful impact of meditation practices,
c
increase in scores suggests successful impact of meditation practices,
d
(n = X) represents the number of patients with this score in the specific group at the specific time point.