Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| PSA, total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P -value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 500 | 501 | 511 | 504 | |
| PSA, total (ng/mL) | 0.39 ± 0.12 | 0.73 ± 0.10 | 1.24 ± 0.22 | 4.01 ± 3.85 | <0.001 |
| PSA, free (ng/mL) | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.08 | 0.34 ± 0.13 | 0.84 ± 0.72 | <0.001 |
| Prostate specific antigen ratio (%) | 38.37 ± 12.61 | 32.61 ± 10.88 | 28.11 ± 10.55 | 22.95 ± 9.82 | <0.001 |
| Sociodemographic variables | |||||
| Age, mean±SD (years) | 54.38 ± 11.53 | 53.14 ± 10.92 | 56.07 ± 11.35 | 63.85 ± 11.76 | <0.001 |
| Poverty to income ratio, mean±SD | 2.79 ± 1.64 | 2.80 ± 1.66 | 2.70 ± 1.64 | 2.79 ± 1.62 | 0.721 |
| Race/Ethnicity (%) | 0.128 | ||||
| Hispanic | 111 (22.20%) | 138 (27.54%) | 128 (25.05%) | 110 (21.83%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 270 (54.00%) | 253 (50.50%) | 243 (47.55%) | 259 (51.39%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 93 (18.60%) | 96 (19.16%) | 112 (21.92%) | 111 (22.02%) | |
| Other race/ethnicity | 26 (5.20%) | 14 (2.79%) | 28 (5.48%) | 24 (4.76%) | |
| Education (%) | 0.534 | ||||
| Less than high school | 141 (28.20%) | 151 (30.14%) | 148 (28.96%) | 168 (33.33%) | |
| High school | 122 (24.40%) | 132 (26.35%) | 124 (24.27%) | 120 (23.81%) | |
| More than high school | 237 (47.40%) | 218 (43.51%) | 239 (46.77%) | 216 (42.86%) | |
| Marital status (%) | 0.028 | ||||
| Married | 333 (66.60%) | 341 (68.06%) | 346 (67.71%) | 317 (62.90%) | |
| Single | 143 (28.60%) | 125 (24.95%) | 139 (27.20%) | 169 (33.53%) | |
| Living with a partner | 24 (4.80%) | 35 (6.99%) | 26 (5.09%) | 18 (3.57%) | |
| Variables of laboratory data | |||||
| Blood urea nitrogen, mean±SD (mmol/L) | 14.15 ± 5.52 | 13.77 ± 5.52 | 14.11 ± 5.06 | 15.69 ± 7.08 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mean±SD (umol/L) | 6.18 ± 1.39 | 6.06 ± 1.26 | 6.11 ± 1.29 | 6.28 ± 1.37 | 0.043 |
| Creatinine, mean±SD (umol/L) | 1.03 ± 0.45 | 1.02 ± 0.46 | 1.06 ± 0.54 | 1.11 ± 0.47 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities (%) | |||||
| Had at least 12 alcohol drinks/1 year? | 0.357 | ||||
| Yes | 379 (82.03%) | 397 (84.83%) | 402 (84.28%) | 363 (80.67%) | |
| No | 379 (82.03%) | 397 (84.83%) | 402 (84.28%) | 363 (80.67%) | |
| Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life | 0.559 | ||||
| Yes | 296 (59.20%) | 295 (58.88%) | 320 (62.62%) | 300 (59.52%) | |
| No | 204 (40.80%) | 206 (41.12%) | 191 (37.38%) | 203 (40.28%) | |
| Diabetes | 0.416 | ||||
| Yes | 85 (17.00%) | 65 (12.97%) | 67 (13.11%) | 82 (16.27%) | |
| No | 404 (80.80%) | 426 (85.03%) | 436 (85.32%) | 411 (81.55%) | |
| Borderline | 11 (2.20%) | 9 (1.80%) | 8 (1.57%) | 11 (2.18%) | |
| Medical examination and personal life history | |||||
| Body mass index, mean ± SD (Kg/m2) | 29.77 ± 6.06 | 29.22 ± 5.82 | 28.32 ± 4.84 | 28.48 ± 5.32 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET-based rank) (%) | 0.514 | ||||
| Sits | 276 (70.41%) | 271 (68.61%) | 286 (73.33%) | 263 (76.01%) | |
| Walks | 68 (17.35%) | 75 (18.99%) | 68 (17.44%) | 46 (13.29%) | |
| Light loads | 29 (7.40%) | 31 (7.85%) | 21 (5.38%) | 21 (6.07%) | |
| Heavy work | 19 (4.85%) | 18 (4.56%) | 15 (3.85%) | 16 (4.62%) | |
| Water VOCs | |||||
| Water Bromoform, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 1.50 ± 3.43 | 1.54 ± 3.13 | 1.55 ± 3.74 | 1.85 ± 5.14 | 0.476 |
| Water Chloroform, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 13.07 ± 18.24 | 14.31 ± 18.82 | 14.67 ± 19.78 | 12.63 ± 17.37 | 0.245 |
| Water Bromodichloromethane, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 8.98 ± 13.26 | 8.19 ± 11.03 | 8.05 ± 11.13 | 8.07 ± 11.31 | 0.557 |
| Water Dibromochloromethane, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 3.35 ± 5.34 | 4.05 ± 6.79 | 3.69 ± 5.42 | 3.90 ± 6.35 | 0.295 |
| Water MTBE, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 0.11 ± 0.49 | 0.12 ± 0.80 | 0.09 ± 0.11 | 0.08 ± 0.08 | 0.563 |
| Blood VOCS | |||||
| Blood Tetrachloroethene, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 0.09 ± 0.49 | 0.07 ± 0.18 | 0.07 ± 0.23 | 0.06 ± 0.15 | 0.37 |
| Blood Bromoform, mean ± SD (pg/mL) | 2.21 ± 8.82 | 2.29 ± 12.40 | 2.64 ± 20.73 | 1.67 ± 3.34 | 0.018 |
| Blood Bromodichloromethane, mean ± SD (pg/mL) | 2.95 ± 4.08 | 3.30 ± 4.90 | 3.16 ± 5.06 | 3.01 ± 4.32 | 0.654 |
| Blood Benzene, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 0.08 ± 0.12 | 0.07 ± 0.12 | 0.09 ± 0.15 | 0.06 ± 0.10 | <0.001 |
| Blood Chloroform, mean ± SD (pg/mL) | 14.95 ± 35.36 | 14.32 ± 20.31 | 15.98 ± 25.91 | 14.38 ± 21.36 | 0.002 |
| Blood Dibromochloromethane, mean ± SD (pg/mL) | 2.13 ± 4.33 | 2.20 ± 3.91 | 2.22 ± 4.34 | 2.18 ± 3.60 | 0.284 |
| Blood 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 1.08 ± 4.26 | 1.51 ± 9.79 | 1.60 ± 7.94 | 1.51 ± 7.16 | 0.692 |
| Blood Ethylbenzene, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 0.05 ± 0.06 | 0.07 ± 0.31 | 0.10 ± 0.42 | 0.08 ± 0.48 | 0.01 |
| Blood MTBE, mean ± SD (pg/mL) | 8.87 ± 44.02 | 9.51 ± 34.54 | 7.70 ± 34.10 | 6.06 ± 33.86 | 0.197 |
| Blood o-Xylene, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 8.04 ± 57.09 | 8.59 ± 36.36 | 12.17 ± 85.32 | 14.50 ± 181.15 | 0.015 |
| Blood Styrene, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.23 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.033 |
| Blood Trichloroethene, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.281 |
| Blood Toluene, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 0.24 ± 0.37 | 0.23 ± 0.46 | 0.27 ± 0.50 | 0.22 ± 0.57 | 0.009 |
| Blood m-/p-Xylene, mean ± SD (ng/mL) | 0.17 ± 0.25 | 0.21 ± 0.90 | 0.31 ± 1.23 | 0.21 ± 0.90 | <0.001 |
Q1–Q4: Grouped by quartile according to the total PSA. Our data included PSA concentrations, Sociodemographic variables, Variables of laboratory data, Comorbidities data, Medical examination and personal life history, comorbidities data Water VOCs and Blood VOCs for the second analysis.